Adrafinil
Adrafinil converts to modafinil and has an older placebo-controlled memory-complaint trial with a positive result. That trial omitted about a quarter of enrollees from its reported analysis, and modern human PK and safety data remain thin. France withdrew its authorization after an unfavorable benefit-risk review.
Former French wake-promoting sulfoxide prodrug-like compound
- Olmifon was reviewed for withdrawal in France in 2011 after marketing stopped.
- The French committee judged the clinical results not clinically relevant and the benefit-risk balance negative.
- The largest cited memory-complaint trial analyzed 462 of 626 enrollees.
- A one-person study supports conversion to modafinil but does not provide plasma PK.
- A persistent orofacial dyskinesia case is published.
Is adrafinil just over-the-counter modafinil?
Adrafinil is a separate compound formerly sold in France as Olmifon. In a one-person forensic experiment, beard hair collected ten days after one adrafinil exposure contained both adrafinil and modafinil. That supports metabolic conversion; it does not transfer modafinil dosing, efficacy, or plasma PK to adrafinil.
PubChem CID 3033226 · identity
Government chemical database
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3033226, Adrafinil. National Library of Medicine.
The record identifies adrafinil as C15H15NO3S, molecular weight 289.4 g/mol, CAS 63547-13-7, also known as Olmifon and CRL-40028.
- Participants / model
- Not applicable
- Treatment
- Not applicable
- Follow-up
- Not applicable
- Study design
- Primary source record
Identity does not establish approval, purity, efficacy, or human exposure.
Read the original sourceHuman hair self-administration and conversion report
Analytical identity or detection study
Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P. Identification of adrafinil and its main metabolite modafinil in human hair. Self-administration study and interpretation of an authentic case. Forensic Sciences Research. 2020;5(4):322-326. DOI 10.1080/20961790.2019.1704482. PMID 33457050.
One 58-year-old man used a product assayed at 94.6% purity; day-10 beard hair contained adrafinil and modafinil, with no clinical effect observed. Hair detection establishes metabolism/exposure, not plasma pharmacokinetics or a negative efficacy trial. A separate authentic forensic case was also analyzed.
- Participants / model
- One 58-year-old healthy male volunteer plus one authentic forensic case in a 34-year-old woman
- Treatment
- Single oral 200 mg internet-sourced adrafinil product in the volunteer
- Follow-up
- Beard hair collected ten days after exposure
- Study design
- Forensic self-administration and case interpretation with LC-MS/MS hair analysis
Why was Olmifon withdrawn in France?
The manufacturer stopped marketing it in 2011, and the French marketing-authorization committee then unanimously supported withdrawal because the clinical effects were not clinically relevant and the benefit-risk balance was negative.
French regulator · Olmifon withdrawal review
Regulatory committee record
Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé. Commission d'autorisation de mise sur le marché, réunion du 1er décembre 2011, verbatim. 2011.
The French committee reviewed Olmifon after commercial marketing stopped in August 2011 and unanimously supported withdrawal because the clinical results were not clinically relevant and the benefit-risk balance was negative.
- Participants / model
- Older adults under the former French indication concerning vigilance, attention, and ideomotor slowing
- Treatment
- Olmifon (adrafinil)
- Follow-up
- Marketing history from 1985 through 2011 review
- Study design
- French marketing-authorization committee deliberation
This is the regulator's benefit-risk conclusion for the former French medicine, not a quantified modern trial or a global prohibition.
Read the original sourceWhat did the 626-person memory-complaint trial show?
The reported McNair complaint score fell from 40.5 to 26.8 with adrafinil and from 38.1 to 31.0 with placebo (reported p<0.0001). Only 462 of 626 enrollees were analyzed: 225 active and 237 placebo. The abstract does not report enough detail to resolve attrition, adverse events, or funding.
| Feature | Record |
|---|---|
| Population | 626 adults older than 50 with memory complaints enrolled through 250 general practitioners |
| Design | Double-blind adrafinil 900 mg/day versus placebo for three months |
| Denominator | 462 analyzed: 225 adrafinil, 237 placebo; 164/626 omitted from final analysis |
| Endpoint | McNair subjective complaint score: 40.5→26.8 versus 38.1→31.0; no dementia, healthy-cognition, or durable function endpoint |
Older memory-complaint placebo trial, 626 enrolled
Primary human study
Derouesné C, Cailler I, Kohler F, Piette F, Boyer P, Sauron B, Lubin S. Efficacité de l'adrafinil sur la plainte mnésique du sujet de plus de 50 ans : résultats d'un essai thérapeutique contrôlé en double aveugle adrafinil versus placebo. La Revue de Gériatrie. 2001;26(10 Suppl):851-858.
The primary abstract reports 626 enrolled but 462 analyzed, 225 active and 237 placebo. Over three months, McNair complaint scores changed from 40.5 to 26.8 versus 38.1 to 31.0 (p<.0001). These are subjective complaint scales, not demonstrated prevention of dementia or healthy-person intelligence enhancement. About 26% of enrolled participants were absent from the reported analysis; the abstract does not report exclusion reasons, the analysis plan, allocation details, or funding.
- Participants / model
- 626 adults older than 50 with memory complaints enrolled by 250 general practitioners; 462 analyzed (225 active, 237 placebo)
- Treatment
- Oral adrafinil 900 mg/day or placebo
- Follow-up
- Three months
- Study design
- Double-blind controlled parallel trial
French regulator · Olmifon withdrawal review
Regulatory committee record
Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé. Commission d'autorisation de mise sur le marché, réunion du 1er décembre 2011, verbatim. 2011.
The French committee reviewed Olmifon after commercial marketing stopped in August 2011 and unanimously supported withdrawal because the clinical results were not clinically relevant and the benefit-risk balance was negative.
- Participants / model
- Older adults under the former French indication concerning vigilance, attention, and ideomotor slowing
- Treatment
- Olmifon (adrafinil)
- Follow-up
- Marketing history from 1985 through 2011 review
- Study design
- French marketing-authorization committee deliberation
This is the regulator's benefit-risk conclusion for the former French medicine, not a quantified modern trial or a global prohibition.
Read the original sourceWhich findings come from studies of adrafinil?
One 58-year-old man self-administered a single 200 mg internet-sourced product that assayed at 94.6% adrafinil. Ten-day beard hair contained 0.8 ng/mg adrafinil and 0.5 ng/mg modafinil. Hair deposition is not a plasma concentration-time curve, so no human adrafinil half-life or Tmax can be quoted from it.
Human hair self-administration and conversion report
Analytical identity or detection study
Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P. Identification of adrafinil and its main metabolite modafinil in human hair. Self-administration study and interpretation of an authentic case. Forensic Sciences Research. 2020;5(4):322-326. DOI 10.1080/20961790.2019.1704482. PMID 33457050.
One 58-year-old man used a product assayed at 94.6% purity; day-10 beard hair contained adrafinil and modafinil, with no clinical effect observed. Hair detection establishes metabolism/exposure, not plasma pharmacokinetics or a negative efficacy trial. A separate authentic forensic case was also analyzed.
- Participants / model
- One 58-year-old healthy male volunteer plus one authentic forensic case in a 34-year-old woman
- Treatment
- Single oral 200 mg internet-sourced adrafinil product in the volunteer
- Follow-up
- Beard hair collected ten days after exposure
- Study design
- Forensic self-administration and case interpretation with LC-MS/MS hair analysis
LC-MS adrafinil pharmacokinetics in rats
Primary preclinical study
Rao RN, Shinde DD, Talluri MV, Agawane SB. LC-ESI-MS determination and pharmacokinetics of adrafinil in rats. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.025.
China-affiliated investigators developed a rat assay and described oral animal pharmacokinetics. It supplies preclinical exposure information, not a human half-life or a clinical result.
- Participants / model
- Rats
- Treatment
- Oral adrafinil
- Follow-up
- Single-dose experimental sampling
- Study design
- Animal pharmacokinetic study
What safety evidence matters most?
The French regulator recorded a negative benefit-risk judgment. A case report documents persistent orofacial dyskinesia after exposure. Modern incidence estimates, interaction studies, and long-term safety data are missing.
French regulator · Olmifon withdrawal review
Regulatory committee record
Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé. Commission d'autorisation de mise sur le marché, réunion du 1er décembre 2011, verbatim. 2011.
The French committee reviewed Olmifon after commercial marketing stopped in August 2011 and unanimously supported withdrawal because the clinical results were not clinically relevant and the benefit-risk balance was negative.
- Participants / model
- Older adults under the former French indication concerning vigilance, attention, and ideomotor slowing
- Treatment
- Olmifon (adrafinil)
- Follow-up
- Marketing history from 1985 through 2011 review
- Study design
- French marketing-authorization committee deliberation
This is the regulator's benefit-risk conclusion for the former French medicine, not a quantified modern trial or a global prohibition.
Read the original sourceCase report · persistent abnormal movement
Human case report
Thobois S, Xie J, Mollion H, Benatru I, Broussolle E. Adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(8):965-966. doi:10.1002/mds.20154. PMID 15300665.
A single published case attributed persistent orofacial dyskinesia to adrafinil; symptoms persisted after withdrawal and improved with tetrabenazine.
- Participants / model
- One patient
- Treatment
- Adrafinil exposure
- Follow-up
- Case follow-up extended after withdrawal
- Study design
- Case report
The case documents a serious neurologic event but cannot estimate incidence or population risk.
Read the original sourceFDA identification of modafinil analogs, 2024
Analytical identity or detection study
Bakota EL, Nandrea JM. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Identify and Quantitate Novel Modafinil Analogs in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements. Journal of dietary supplements. 2025. DOI 10.1080/19390211.2024.2417673.
Four undercover-purchased products labeled as containing adrafinil did contain it by the reported analytical method. This updates identity/supply evidence; it contains no therapeutic outcome trial.
- Participants / model
- Four marketed products; no treated people
- Treatment
- Analytical testing
- Follow-up
- Marketplace sampling
- Study design
- FDA laboratory analytical study
What other clinical reports exist?
Other French reports cover clinical symptoms and pharmaco-EEG measures. The cited bibliographic records do not include interpretable outcome data. A China-affiliated paper measured rat pharmacokinetics.
Bibliographic records name a controlled report on inhibition or ideomotor handicap, a 1988 anergic-depression report and older pharmaco-EEG/plasma-level work. They provide no appraisable sample count or outcome.
The China-affiliated LC-MS paper concerns rats. An anti-doping study naming both adrafinil and modafinil actually administered modafinil; it does not add an adrafinil treatment cohort. FDA’s 2024 product analysis identified adrafinil in four labeled products but measured no therapeutic outcome.
LC-MS adrafinil pharmacokinetics in rats
Primary preclinical study
Rao RN, Shinde DD, Talluri MV, Agawane SB. LC-ESI-MS determination and pharmacokinetics of adrafinil in rats. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.025.
China-affiliated investigators developed a rat assay and described oral animal pharmacokinetics. It supplies preclinical exposure information, not a human half-life or a clinical result.
- Participants / model
- Rats
- Treatment
- Oral adrafinil
- Follow-up
- Single-dose experimental sampling
- Study design
- Animal pharmacokinetic study
Modafinil/adrafinil doping analysis in urine
Analytical identity or detection study
Lu J, Wang X, Yang S, Liu X, Qin Y, Shen L, Wu Y, Xu Y, Wu M, Ouyang G. Doping control analysis for adrafinil and its major metabolites in human urine. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM. 2009. DOI 10.1002/rcm.4044.
The administration experiment used modafinil, even though the analytical method names both modafinil and adrafinil. It cannot be counted as a second adrafinil human dosing trial. Beijing sporting-event samples do not make it a Chinese adrafinil efficacy trial.
Read the original sourceFDA identification of modafinil analogs, 2024
Analytical identity or detection study
Bakota EL, Nandrea JM. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Identify and Quantitate Novel Modafinil Analogs in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements. Journal of dietary supplements. 2025. DOI 10.1080/19390211.2024.2417673.
Four undercover-purchased products labeled as containing adrafinil did contain it by the reported analytical method. This updates identity/supply evidence; it contains no therapeutic outcome trial.
- Participants / model
- Four marketed products; no treated people
- Treatment
- Analytical testing
- Follow-up
- Marketplace sampling
- Study design
- FDA laboratory analytical study
French clinical bibliography: inhibition and ideomotor handicap
Bibliographic clinical record
French clinical bibliography: inhibition and ideomotor handicap. https://documentation.ch-montfavet.fr/index.php?id=13057&lvl=notice_display
A bibliographic record identifies a controlled adrafinil-versus-placebo report by Boyer. Other records include the 1988 anergic-depression paper and Saletu’s 1986 pharmaco-EEG/plasma-level work in older participants. These references show that the historical program extended beyond the single memory trial, but they do not provide a numerical benefit, sample size, or safety result.
Read the original sourceWhy F despite a positive human trial?
The 626-enrollee memory-complaint trial reported a positive subjective result among 462 analyzed participants. The missing participants and reliance on subjective complaint scores limit what that result can support.
The McNair score changed from 40.5 to 26.8 with adrafinil versus 38.1 to 31.0 with placebo over three months. That is a reported symptom effect, not demonstrated healthy cognition or dementia prevention. The French withdrawal review judged the clinical effects insufficient and the benefit-risk balance unfavorable.
Conversion to modafinil does not establish a fixed human exposure ratio or transfer modafinil’s clinical grade. Hair detection and rat kinetics cannot supply a reliable human half-life.
Older memory-complaint placebo trial, 626 enrolled
Primary human study
Derouesné C, Cailler I, Kohler F, Piette F, Boyer P, Sauron B, Lubin S. Efficacité de l'adrafinil sur la plainte mnésique du sujet de plus de 50 ans : résultats d'un essai thérapeutique contrôlé en double aveugle adrafinil versus placebo. La Revue de Gériatrie. 2001;26(10 Suppl):851-858.
The primary abstract reports 626 enrolled but 462 analyzed, 225 active and 237 placebo. Over three months, McNair complaint scores changed from 40.5 to 26.8 versus 38.1 to 31.0 (p<.0001). These are subjective complaint scales, not demonstrated prevention of dementia or healthy-person intelligence enhancement. About 26% of enrolled participants were absent from the reported analysis; the abstract does not report exclusion reasons, the analysis plan, allocation details, or funding.
- Participants / model
- 626 adults older than 50 with memory complaints enrolled by 250 general practitioners; 462 analyzed (225 active, 237 placebo)
- Treatment
- Oral adrafinil 900 mg/day or placebo
- Follow-up
- Three months
- Study design
- Double-blind controlled parallel trial
Human hair self-administration and conversion report
Analytical identity or detection study
Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P. Identification of adrafinil and its main metabolite modafinil in human hair. Self-administration study and interpretation of an authentic case. Forensic Sciences Research. 2020;5(4):322-326. DOI 10.1080/20961790.2019.1704482. PMID 33457050.
One 58-year-old man used a product assayed at 94.6% purity; day-10 beard hair contained adrafinil and modafinil, with no clinical effect observed. Hair detection establishes metabolism/exposure, not plasma pharmacokinetics or a negative efficacy trial. A separate authentic forensic case was also analyzed.
- Participants / model
- One 58-year-old healthy male volunteer plus one authentic forensic case in a 34-year-old woman
- Treatment
- Single oral 200 mg internet-sourced adrafinil product in the volunteer
- Follow-up
- Beard hair collected ten days after exposure
- Study design
- Forensic self-administration and case interpretation with LC-MS/MS hair analysis
LC-MS adrafinil pharmacokinetics in rats
Primary preclinical study
Rao RN, Shinde DD, Talluri MV, Agawane SB. LC-ESI-MS determination and pharmacokinetics of adrafinil in rats. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.025.
China-affiliated investigators developed a rat assay and described oral animal pharmacokinetics. It supplies preclinical exposure information, not a human half-life or a clinical result.
- Participants / model
- Rats
- Treatment
- Oral adrafinil
- Follow-up
- Single-dose experimental sampling
- Study design
- Animal pharmacokinetic study
French regulator · Olmifon withdrawal review
Regulatory committee record
Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé. Commission d'autorisation de mise sur le marché, réunion du 1er décembre 2011, verbatim. 2011.
The French committee reviewed Olmifon after commercial marketing stopped in August 2011 and unanimously supported withdrawal because the clinical results were not clinically relevant and the benefit-risk balance was negative.
- Participants / model
- Older adults under the former French indication concerning vigilance, attention, and ideomotor slowing
- Treatment
- Olmifon (adrafinil)
- Follow-up
- Marketing history from 1985 through 2011 review
- Study design
- French marketing-authorization committee deliberation
This is the regulator's benefit-risk conclusion for the former French medicine, not a quantified modern trial or a global prohibition.
Read the original sourceWere the animal memory results consistently positive?
Aged-dog studies were mixed: discrimination learning improved under some conditions, while working memory worsened under others.
Eighteen aged beagles completed delayed nonmatching-to-position tasks under placebo and two adrafinil conditions. The higher exposure impaired performance. Learning, motivation, locomotor activation and working memory are different endpoints, so one positive task cannot settle cognition as a whole.
Adrafinil and discrimination learning in aged dogs
Primary preclinical study
Milgram NW, Siwak CT, Gruet P, Atkinson P, Woehrlé F, Callahan H. Oral administration of adrafinil improves discrimination learning in aged beagle dogs. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2000. DOI 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00175-1.
Aged-beagle behavioral work reported improved discrimination learning under selected conditions. Task motivation and locomotor activation can contribute; this does not establish human memory enhancement. The exact task/exposure must be distinguished from the negative working-memory study.
Read the original sourceAdrafinil and working memory in aged dogs
Primary preclinical study
Siwak CT, Tapp PD, Milgram NW. Adrafinil disrupts performance on a delayed nonmatching-to-position task in aged beagle dogs. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2003. DOI 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00211-9.
Eighteen aged beagles performed delayed nonmatching-to-position tasks under placebo and two adrafinil conditions. The higher exposure impaired working-memory performance. This is a direct negative preclinical finding, not merely a theoretical warning; divergent tasks prevent collapsing all cognition to one effect.
Read the original sourceStudies and sources
PubChem CID 3033226 · identity
Government chemical database
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3033226, Adrafinil. National Library of Medicine.
The record identifies adrafinil as C15H15NO3S, molecular weight 289.4 g/mol, CAS 63547-13-7, also known as Olmifon and CRL-40028.
- Participants / model
- Not applicable
- Treatment
- Not applicable
- Follow-up
- Not applicable
- Study design
- Primary source record
Identity does not establish approval, purity, efficacy, or human exposure.
Read the original sourceFrench regulator · Olmifon withdrawal review
Regulatory committee record
Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé. Commission d'autorisation de mise sur le marché, réunion du 1er décembre 2011, verbatim. 2011.
The French committee reviewed Olmifon after commercial marketing stopped in August 2011 and unanimously supported withdrawal because the clinical results were not clinically relevant and the benefit-risk balance was negative.
- Participants / model
- Older adults under the former French indication concerning vigilance, attention, and ideomotor slowing
- Treatment
- Olmifon (adrafinil)
- Follow-up
- Marketing history from 1985 through 2011 review
- Study design
- French marketing-authorization committee deliberation
This is the regulator's benefit-risk conclusion for the former French medicine, not a quantified modern trial or a global prohibition.
Read the original sourceOlder memory-complaint placebo trial, 626 enrolled
Primary human study
Derouesné C, Cailler I, Kohler F, Piette F, Boyer P, Sauron B, Lubin S. Efficacité de l'adrafinil sur la plainte mnésique du sujet de plus de 50 ans : résultats d'un essai thérapeutique contrôlé en double aveugle adrafinil versus placebo. La Revue de Gériatrie. 2001;26(10 Suppl):851-858.
The primary abstract reports 626 enrolled but 462 analyzed, 225 active and 237 placebo. Over three months, McNair complaint scores changed from 40.5 to 26.8 versus 38.1 to 31.0 (p<.0001). These are subjective complaint scales, not demonstrated prevention of dementia or healthy-person intelligence enhancement. About 26% of enrolled participants were absent from the reported analysis; the abstract does not report exclusion reasons, the analysis plan, allocation details, or funding.
- Participants / model
- 626 adults older than 50 with memory complaints enrolled by 250 general practitioners; 462 analyzed (225 active, 237 placebo)
- Treatment
- Oral adrafinil 900 mg/day or placebo
- Follow-up
- Three months
- Study design
- Double-blind controlled parallel trial
Case report · persistent abnormal movement
Human case report
Thobois S, Xie J, Mollion H, Benatru I, Broussolle E. Adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(8):965-966. doi:10.1002/mds.20154. PMID 15300665.
A single published case attributed persistent orofacial dyskinesia to adrafinil; symptoms persisted after withdrawal and improved with tetrabenazine.
- Participants / model
- One patient
- Treatment
- Adrafinil exposure
- Follow-up
- Case follow-up extended after withdrawal
- Study design
- Case report
The case documents a serious neurologic event but cannot estimate incidence or population risk.
Read the original sourceHuman hair self-administration and conversion report
Analytical identity or detection study
Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P. Identification of adrafinil and its main metabolite modafinil in human hair. Self-administration study and interpretation of an authentic case. Forensic Sciences Research. 2020;5(4):322-326. DOI 10.1080/20961790.2019.1704482. PMID 33457050.
One 58-year-old man used a product assayed at 94.6% purity; day-10 beard hair contained adrafinil and modafinil, with no clinical effect observed. Hair detection establishes metabolism/exposure, not plasma pharmacokinetics or a negative efficacy trial. A separate authentic forensic case was also analyzed.
- Participants / model
- One 58-year-old healthy male volunteer plus one authentic forensic case in a 34-year-old woman
- Treatment
- Single oral 200 mg internet-sourced adrafinil product in the volunteer
- Follow-up
- Beard hair collected ten days after exposure
- Study design
- Forensic self-administration and case interpretation with LC-MS/MS hair analysis
LC-MS adrafinil pharmacokinetics in rats
Primary preclinical study
Rao RN, Shinde DD, Talluri MV, Agawane SB. LC-ESI-MS determination and pharmacokinetics of adrafinil in rats. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.025.
China-affiliated investigators developed a rat assay and described oral animal pharmacokinetics. It supplies preclinical exposure information, not a human half-life or a clinical result.
- Participants / model
- Rats
- Treatment
- Oral adrafinil
- Follow-up
- Single-dose experimental sampling
- Study design
- Animal pharmacokinetic study
FDA identification of modafinil analogs, 2024
Analytical identity or detection study
Bakota EL, Nandrea JM. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Identify and Quantitate Novel Modafinil Analogs in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements. Journal of dietary supplements. 2025. DOI 10.1080/19390211.2024.2417673.
Four undercover-purchased products labeled as containing adrafinil did contain it by the reported analytical method. This updates identity/supply evidence; it contains no therapeutic outcome trial.
- Participants / model
- Four marketed products; no treated people
- Treatment
- Analytical testing
- Follow-up
- Marketplace sampling
- Study design
- FDA laboratory analytical study
Adrafinil and discrimination learning in aged dogs
Primary preclinical study
Milgram NW, Siwak CT, Gruet P, Atkinson P, Woehrlé F, Callahan H. Oral administration of adrafinil improves discrimination learning in aged beagle dogs. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2000. DOI 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00175-1.
Aged-beagle behavioral work reported improved discrimination learning under selected conditions. Task motivation and locomotor activation can contribute; this does not establish human memory enhancement. The exact task/exposure must be distinguished from the negative working-memory study.
Read the original sourceAdrafinil and working memory in aged dogs
Primary preclinical study
Siwak CT, Tapp PD, Milgram NW. Adrafinil disrupts performance on a delayed nonmatching-to-position task in aged beagle dogs. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2003. DOI 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00211-9.
Eighteen aged beagles performed delayed nonmatching-to-position tasks under placebo and two adrafinil conditions. The higher exposure impaired working-memory performance. This is a direct negative preclinical finding, not merely a theoretical warning; divergent tasks prevent collapsing all cognition to one effect.
Read the original sourceModafinil/adrafinil doping analysis in urine
Analytical identity or detection study
Lu J, Wang X, Yang S, Liu X, Qin Y, Shen L, Wu Y, Xu Y, Wu M, Ouyang G. Doping control analysis for adrafinil and its major metabolites in human urine. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM. 2009. DOI 10.1002/rcm.4044.
The administration experiment used modafinil, even though the analytical method names both modafinil and adrafinil. It cannot be counted as a second adrafinil human dosing trial. Beijing sporting-event samples do not make it a Chinese adrafinil efficacy trial.
Read the original sourceFrench clinical bibliography: inhibition and ideomotor handicap
Bibliographic clinical record
French clinical bibliography: inhibition and ideomotor handicap. https://documentation.ch-montfavet.fr/index.php?id=13057&lvl=notice_display
A bibliographic record identifies a controlled adrafinil-versus-placebo report by Boyer. Other records include the 1988 anergic-depression paper and Saletu’s 1986 pharmaco-EEG/plasma-level work in older participants. These references show that the historical program extended beyond the single memory trial, but they do not provide a numerical benefit, sample size, or safety result.
Read the original sourceWhy is Adrafinil in F tier?
F: an older memory-complaint trial was positive, but 164 of 626 enrollees were missing from its analysis. France later judged the benefit-risk balance unfavorable. Modern human exposure, interaction and long-term safety data remain sparse.