phenylpiracetam
Phenylpiracetam has Russian placebo-controlled patient studies, large uncontrolled clinical cohorts and sparsely reported athlete or occupational experiments. Some attention and fatigue measures improved, while mood, sleep, fatigue scales and other endpoints were null. Healthy performance effect sizes and long-term stimulant safety remain uncertain.
Small-molecule racetam
- Phenotropil, fonturacetam, carphedon, Actitropil and Nanotropil Novo refer to racemic phenylpiracetam.
- R- and S-phenylpiracetam show different animal effects and cannot stand in for the clinical racemate.
- A 75-person cerebrovascular trial found selected MMSE, attention and fatigue results; FAB, depression, sleep and several fatigue subscales were null.
- Early athlete and healthy-men reports exist, but lack arm-level results, uncertainty and independent replication.
- The 400-person stroke and 1,170-person cerebral-ischemia reports were not randomized placebo trials.
- Russian labeling gives PK and safety statements without exposing the underlying modern human concentration-time study.
Which phenylpiracetam was studied?
Phenylpiracetam, fonturacetam, carphedon and the Russian brand names Phenotropil, Actitropil and Nanotropil Novo refer to racemic 4-phenylpiracetam. R-phenylpiracetam and S-phenylpiracetam are resolved enantiomers with different animal effects. Methylphenylpiracetam, hydrazides and succinate derivatives are separate compounds.
PubChem: phenylpiracetam chemical identity
Government chemical identity database
National Library of Medicine. PubChem CID 132441.
C12H14N2O2; molecular weight 218.25 g/mol.
- Participants / model
- Chemical record
- Follow-up
- Living database
- Study design
- Curated structure record
Formula and molecular weight establish the recorded structure, not the contents of a retail product or an effective dose.
Read the original sourceInvestigation into stereoselective pharmacological activity of phenotropil.
Preclinical primary animal study
Zvejniece L et al. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2011. PMID 21689376. DOI 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00742.x.
The study examined whether the racemate and its enantiomers differed in behavioral pharmacology.
- Participants / model
- Animal behavioral experiments
- Follow-up
- Experimental assay periods
- Study design
- Stereoselective preclinical study
Animal effects and isolated enantiomers cannot establish clinical benefit or equivalence for a marketed racemate.
Read the original sourceR-enantiomer DAT study · rats
Preclinical animal pharmacology
Sommer et al. 2014. PMID 24964269.
R-phenylpiracetam inhibited DAT and shifted effort-related responding; S was less potent in this paradigm.
- Participants / model
- Rats
- Follow-up
- Experimental
- Study design
- Controlled behavioral pharmacology
Resolved-enantiomer rat data do not establish human focus, productivity, ADHD treatment or abuse liability.
Read the original sourceS-enantiomer metabolic study · animals
Preclinical animal study
PMID 28743458. 2017.
S-phenylpiracetam reduced weight and fat gain, glucose and leptin and improved glucose tolerance.
- Participants / model
- Western-diet mice and obese Zucker rats
- Follow-up
- Eight to twelve weeks
- Study design
- Controlled animal experiments
The S enantiomer and animal disease models do not establish racemic human fat loss or metabolic safety.
Read the original sourceWhat did the controlled cerebrovascular studies find?
Two small Russian placebo-controlled studies reported selected attention, MMSE or fatigue changes over 30 days. Both tested many outcomes, and one relied on within-arm significance rather than a direct randomized contrast. The much larger stroke and cerebral-ischemia reports lacked a clear randomized placebo design.
| Study | Positive result | Nulls and limits |
|---|---|---|
| Fedin 2010: 75 randomized, 69 completers | MMSE, attention and MFI-20 favored 100 or 200 mg/day | FAB, depression and sleep null; mental-fatigue and motivation subscales null; tables conflict on MMSE and MFI values |
| Mokina 2010: 60 randomized, 27 active and 33 placebo | MFI-20 60.19 to 55.04 vs 60.85 to 61.18; fatigue score 12.89 to 10.37 vs 14.76 to 15.00 | Marks compare each arm with baseline; Fatigue Severity Scale and reduced-work-capacity reports null; baseline symptoms often worse on placebo |
| Stroke rehabilitation: 400, 200 exposed | Neurologic and daily-living scales favored exposed rehabilitation group | Abstract omits allocation, masking and absolute treatment effect; recovery and rehabilitation confound |
| TRIUMPH: 1,170 | Asthenia scores reportedly more than halved | Noninterventional; no randomized control |
75-person blinded trial · selected positives and conflicting tables
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Fedin et al. 2010. Russian primary clinical report.
MMSE, attention and total fatigue measures favored active treatment; FAB, depression, sleep, mental-fatigue and motivation outcomes were null.
- Participants / model
- 75 adults aged 60-90; 25 per 100 mg, 200 mg and placebo arm; 69 completers
- Follow-up
- Thirty days
- Study design
- Randomized by envelopes, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Six withdrawals, many outcomes and inconsistent MMSE/MFI tables prevent one clean effect estimate. Funding and conflict were not stated.
Read the original source60-person blinded fatigue trial · one scale positive, others null
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Mokina, Antipenko and Gustov. 2010.
MFI-20 and one fatigue score improved in the active arm; Fatigue Severity Scale and reduced work capacity were null.
- Participants / model
- 60 cerebrovascular patients; 27 active and 33 placebo
- Follow-up
- Thirty days
- Study design
- Reported randomized double-blind placebo-controlled
Significance marks are within-arm, not randomized between-arm tests. Baseline symptoms were often worse on placebo; concealment, attrition and funding are unclear.
Read the original source[Efficacy of phenotropil in the rehabilitation of stroke patients].
Primary human study
Koval'chuk VV et al. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2010. PMID 21626817.
The phenotropil rehabilitation group had better neurological and daily-living scale recovery than controls.
- Participants / model
- 400 people after ischemic stroke; 200 received phenotropil alongside rehabilitation
- Follow-up
- 1 year
- Study design
- Comparative rehabilitation report; randomization and blinding not described in the abstract
The abstract reports p<0.0001 but omits effect sizes, confidence intervals, allocation methods, and complete safety results.
Read the original source1,170-person program · no randomized control
Noninterventional clinical program
Fedin et al. 2015. PMID 25726789.
Asthenia scores reportedly fell by more than half with improvement across symptom domains.
- Participants / model
- 1,170 adults aged 45-65 with chronic cerebral ischemia
- Follow-up
- Two to three months
- Study design
- Open noninterventional program
Expectation, co-care, regression to the mean and selective reporting cannot be separated from drug effect.
Read the original sourceWhat do dopamine and animal findings show?
R-phenylpiracetam inhibited dopamine transporters and changed effort-related behavior in rats. R and S enantiomers produced different locomotor, forced-swim and memory effects. S-phenylpiracetam reduced weight and improved glucose measures in obese animals. These experiments do not measure healthy human cognition, motivation, fat loss or dependence risk.
| Material | Finding | Human limit |
|---|---|---|
| Racemic, R and S forms | Different locomotor, forced-swim and passive-avoidance effects | One enantiomer cannot define a retail racemate |
| R-phenylpiracetam / MRZ-9547 | DAT inhibition and altered effort choice in rats | No ADHD, productivity or abuse-liability result in people |
| S-phenylpiracetam | Less weight/fat gain and better glucose measures in rodents | No controlled racemic human metabolic trial |
Investigation into stereoselective pharmacological activity of phenotropil.
Preclinical primary animal study
Zvejniece L et al. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2011. PMID 21689376. DOI 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00742.x.
The study examined whether the racemate and its enantiomers differed in behavioral pharmacology.
- Participants / model
- Animal behavioral experiments
- Follow-up
- Experimental assay periods
- Study design
- Stereoselective preclinical study
Animal effects and isolated enantiomers cannot establish clinical benefit or equivalence for a marketed racemate.
Read the original sourceR-enantiomer DAT study · rats
Preclinical animal pharmacology
Sommer et al. 2014. PMID 24964269.
R-phenylpiracetam inhibited DAT and shifted effort-related responding; S was less potent in this paradigm.
- Participants / model
- Rats
- Follow-up
- Experimental
- Study design
- Controlled behavioral pharmacology
Resolved-enantiomer rat data do not establish human focus, productivity, ADHD treatment or abuse liability.
Read the original sourceS-enantiomer metabolic study · animals
Preclinical animal study
PMID 28743458. 2017.
S-phenylpiracetam reduced weight and fat gain, glucose and leptin and improved glucose tolerance.
- Participants / model
- Western-diet mice and obese Zucker rats
- Follow-up
- Eight to twelve weeks
- Study design
- Controlled animal experiments
The S enantiomer and animal disease models do not establish racemic human fat loss or metabolic safety.
Read the original sourceWhat does the Russian label say, and what remains unknown?
The Russian product label lists insomnia, early psychomotor activation, flushing or heat and increased blood pressure, with cautions for severe hypertension, liver or kidney disease and previous panic or psychosis. It states a one-hour Tmax and three-to-five-hour half-life, but does not identify the study supporting those pharmacokinetic values. Animal PK values must not be relabeled as human measurements.
| Source | What it reports | Limit |
|---|---|---|
| Russian product label | Activation, insomnia, blood-pressure increase, flushing; stimulant interactions and driving cautions | Regulated product information; the label does not identify the underlying pharmacokinetic study |
| Fedin trial | Five active and one placebo withdrawals; irritability, insomnia or nightmares in three low-dose patients | One month and small groups |
| Alcohol trial | Two active adverse events; no serious events; no dependence diagnosis over one month | Cannot settle long-term tolerance, dependence or healthy use |
| 2025 market surveillance | Phenylpiracetam detected among seized or intercepted products | Product identity evidence, not a clinical harm rate |
Russian label · PK claims, activation and BP warnings
Official product information
Russian Ministry-format product information, LP-004616.
Label states Tmax one hour, half-life three to five hours and lists activation, insomnia, flushing/heat and increased blood pressure.
- Participants / model
- Users of the specified Russian 50 mg and 100 mg tablets
- Follow-up
- Current approved labeling
- Study design
- Regulatory product label
The underlying modern human PK study is not exposed. Label assertions do not settle long-term healthy tolerance, dependence or retail-product identity.
Read the original source75-person blinded trial · selected positives and conflicting tables
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Fedin et al. 2010. Russian primary clinical report.
MMSE, attention and total fatigue measures favored active treatment; FAB, depression, sleep, mental-fatigue and motivation outcomes were null.
- Participants / model
- 75 adults aged 60-90; 25 per 100 mg, 200 mg and placebo arm; 69 completers
- Follow-up
- Thirty days
- Study design
- Randomized by envelopes, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Six withdrawals, many outcomes and inconsistent MMSE/MFI tables prevent one clean effect estimate. Funding and conflict were not stated.
Read the original sourceТерапевтическая эффективность и безопасность использования фенотропила у больных с зависимостью от алкоголя / Phenotropil in alcohol dependence
Primary human randomized study
Иванец Н.Н., Винникова М.А., Мохначев С.О., Козырева А.В., Усманова Н.Н., Сивач Т.В. Вопросы наркологии. 2008;(4):16 to 32.
Selected symptom and cognitive measures favored adjunct phenotropil; several mood/asthenia measures improved similarly with placebo.
- Participants / model
- 120 men in inpatient alcohol-dependence treatment; four groups of 30
- Study design
- Reported randomized double-blind placebo-controlled adjunct study; 30 days
Concomitant treatment, baseline imbalances and many endpoints limit inference.
Read the original source2025 lab survey · product identity, not harm rate
Official-laboratory market surveillance
PMID 40558871. 2025.
Phenylpiracetam was among Russian prescription compounds identified in samples collected in 2020-2024.
- Participants / model
- 159 samples with 166 identifications across many substances
- Follow-up
- 2020-2024 samples
- Study design
- Multi-laboratory analytical surveillance
The totals cover many compounds and do not equal phenylpiracetam exposures or adverse events.
Read the original sourceWhat do the Russian alcohol, epilepsy and healthy-performance reports show?
The 120-man alcohol trial found faster attention and fewer errors at some doses, while word recall was only a tendency and craving reached zero in every group during supervised withdrawal treatment. Epilepsy reports suggest adjunctive patient effects but omit arm-level estimates. Early athlete and healthy-men abstracts claim performance gains without enough arm data for a reliable effect size.
| Study | Finding | Limit |
|---|---|---|
| Alcohol dependence: 120 men, 30 per arm | Attention time improved about five seconds; error reduction strongest at 300 mg | All groups received extensive co-treatment; depression, asthenia and many withdrawal measures improved similarly to placebo; baseline imbalance |
| Epilepsy: 90 randomized | Abstract reports fewer seizures and improved cognition | The abstract does not report arm sizes, duration, absolute effects, uncertainty, or complete safety data |
| Epilepsy: 61 compared | Seizure, EEG and psychological outcomes reportedly improved | The abstract does not report allocation, masking, or effect sizes |
| Athlete conference: 80 | Claims 4% to 6% performance gain vs placebo | No adequate arm sizes, allocation, masking or uncertainty |
| Healthy men conference: 23 | Qualitative cognition and PWC-170 improvement | No arm-level results or independent replication |
| Aviation hypoxia: 52 patients | Fewer adaptation sessions; oxygen-tolerance time 2.8 to 3.3 minutes | Hypertension/bronchitis cohort, not healthy pilots; masking and arm dispersion absent |
Терапевтическая эффективность и безопасность использования фенотропила у больных с зависимостью от алкоголя / Phenotropil in alcohol dependence
Primary human randomized study
Иванец Н.Н., Винникова М.А., Мохначев С.О., Козырева А.В., Усманова Н.Н., Сивач Т.В. Вопросы наркологии. 2008;(4):16 to 32.
Selected symptom and cognitive measures favored adjunct phenotropil; several mood/asthenia measures improved similarly with placebo.
- Participants / model
- 120 men in inpatient alcohol-dependence treatment; four groups of 30
- Study design
- Reported randomized double-blind placebo-controlled adjunct study; 30 days
Concomitant treatment, baseline imbalances and many endpoints limit inference.
Read the original source90-person blinded epilepsy trial · published abstract
Randomized double-blind adjunctive trial
Grebeniuk et al. PMID 25591651.
The abstract reports fewer seizures and improved cognition.
- Participants / model
- 90 adults receiving standard antiepileptic therapy
- Follow-up
- Not reported in the abstract
- Study design
- Reported randomized double-blind placebo-controlled adjunctive trial
The abstract does not report arm sizes, duration, absolute effects, uncertainty, multiplicity, or complete safety data. Forty percent did not have negative standard-therapy effects reduced.
Read the original source61-person epilepsy comparison · incomplete methods
Comparative adjunctive clinical study
Bel'skaia GN. [Complex treatment of epilepsy with phenotropil]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2007. PMID 18379471.
The abstract reports improved seizure, EEG and psychological outcomes.
- Participants / model
- 61 patients; 31 adjunctive phenotropil and 30 conventional treatment
- Follow-up
- Two months
- Study design
- Comparative clinical study
The abstract does not report allocation, masking, numerical effects, or detailed safety data.
Read the original sourceAthlete and healthy-men abstracts · sparse arm data
Primary conference abstracts
Russian XI Human and Medicine Congress abstracts. 2004.
An 80-athlete report claimed 4% to 6% performance improvement versus placebo; a 23-man report claimed cognition and PWC-170 improvement.
- Participants / model
- Athletes, practically healthy men and occupational cohorts
- Follow-up
- Acute to several days
- Study design
- Multiple early conference reports
Arm sizes, allocation, masking, dispersion, uncertainty and independent replication are missing; developer-linked reports may overlap.
Read the original source52-patient program · fewer sessions, incomplete controls
Clinical adaptation program
Razsolov and Potievsky aviation hypoxia program.
Training reportedly required 10-11 versus 18-20 sessions in pilots and 14-15 versus 25-28 in ground workers; oxygen tolerance rose 2.8 to 3.3 minutes acutely.
- Participants / model
- 52 patients, including 28 pilots and 24 ground staff with hypertension, bronchitis or related disease
- Follow-up
- Training course
- Study design
- Placebo-associated methodological report
Allocation, masking, arm dispersion and functional flight outcomes are not reported. The cohort is not described as healthy athletes.
Read the original sourceWhere is phenylpiracetam recognized or unapproved?
A Russian Ministry-format label covers licensed oral tablets and describes named uses, PK and safety. FDA identifies phenylpiracetam in a US unapproved-drug distribution case. Russian recognition does not create US approval or verify the identity of an online product.
| Record | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Russian approved product information | A regulated local tablet product and label |
| FDA enforcement case | Phenylpiracetam was sold in the US as an unapproved drug |
| Retail or bulk interception | Chemical-market presence, not authenticity, purity or clinical safety |
Russian label · PK claims, activation and BP warnings
Official product information
Russian Ministry-format product information, LP-004616.
Label states Tmax one hour, half-life three to five hours and lists activation, insomnia, flushing/heat and increased blood pressure.
- Participants / model
- Users of the specified Russian 50 mg and 100 mg tablets
- Follow-up
- Current approved labeling
- Study design
- Regulatory product label
The underlying modern human PK study is not exposed. Label assertions do not settle long-term healthy tolerance, dependence or retail-product identity.
Read the original sourceFDA: unapproved racetam distribution case
Official enforcement record
US FDA / US Department of Justice. Arizona company and CEO plead guilty to distribution of drugs not approved by FDA. 2023.
The case identifies piracetam, aniracetam, coluracetam, and phenylpiracetam among unapproved drugs marketed online.
- Participants / model
- United States distribution
- Follow-up
- 2023
- Study design
- Official case record
This establishes the named US enforcement history, not every country’s status or a quantified rate of injury.
Read the original source2025 lab survey · product identity, not harm rate
Official-laboratory market surveillance
PMID 40558871. 2025.
Phenylpiracetam was among Russian prescription compounds identified in samples collected in 2020-2024.
- Participants / model
- 159 samples with 166 identifications across many substances
- Follow-up
- 2020-2024 samples
- Study design
- Multi-laboratory analytical surveillance
The totals cover many compounds and do not equal phenylpiracetam exposures or adverse events.
Read the original sourceStudies and sources
[Efficacy of phenotropil in the rehabilitation of stroke patients].
Primary human study
Koval'chuk VV et al. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2010. PMID 21626817.
The phenotropil rehabilitation group had better neurological and daily-living scale recovery than controls.
- Participants / model
- 400 people after ischemic stroke; 200 received phenotropil alongside rehabilitation
- Follow-up
- 1 year
- Study design
- Comparative rehabilitation report; randomization and blinding not described in the abstract
The abstract reports p<0.0001 but omits effect sizes, confidence intervals, allocation methods, and complete safety results.
Read the original sourceInvestigation into stereoselective pharmacological activity of phenotropil.
Preclinical primary animal study
Zvejniece L et al. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2011. PMID 21689376. DOI 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00742.x.
The study examined whether the racemate and its enantiomers differed in behavioral pharmacology.
- Participants / model
- Animal behavioral experiments
- Follow-up
- Experimental assay periods
- Study design
- Stereoselective preclinical study
Animal effects and isolated enantiomers cannot establish clinical benefit or equivalence for a marketed racemate.
Read the original sourceFDA: unapproved racetam distribution case
Official enforcement record
US FDA / US Department of Justice. Arizona company and CEO plead guilty to distribution of drugs not approved by FDA. 2023.
The case identifies piracetam, aniracetam, coluracetam, and phenylpiracetam among unapproved drugs marketed online.
- Participants / model
- United States distribution
- Follow-up
- 2023
- Study design
- Official case record
This establishes the named US enforcement history, not every country’s status or a quantified rate of injury.
Read the original sourcePubChem: phenylpiracetam chemical identity
Government chemical identity database
National Library of Medicine. PubChem CID 132441.
C12H14N2O2; molecular weight 218.25 g/mol.
- Participants / model
- Chemical record
- Follow-up
- Living database
- Study design
- Curated structure record
Formula and molecular weight establish the recorded structure, not the contents of a retail product or an effective dose.
Read the original sourceТерапевтическая эффективность и безопасность использования фенотропила у больных с зависимостью от алкоголя / Phenotropil in alcohol dependence
Primary human randomized study
Иванец Н.Н., Винникова М.А., Мохначев С.О., Козырева А.В., Усманова Н.Н., Сивач Т.В. Вопросы наркологии. 2008;(4):16 to 32.
Selected symptom and cognitive measures favored adjunct phenotropil; several mood/asthenia measures improved similarly with placebo.
- Participants / model
- 120 men in inpatient alcohol-dependence treatment; four groups of 30
- Study design
- Reported randomized double-blind placebo-controlled adjunct study; 30 days
Concomitant treatment, baseline imbalances and many endpoints limit inference.
Read the original source75-person blinded trial · selected positives and conflicting tables
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Fedin et al. 2010. Russian primary clinical report.
MMSE, attention and total fatigue measures favored active treatment; FAB, depression, sleep, mental-fatigue and motivation outcomes were null.
- Participants / model
- 75 adults aged 60-90; 25 per 100 mg, 200 mg and placebo arm; 69 completers
- Follow-up
- Thirty days
- Study design
- Randomized by envelopes, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Six withdrawals, many outcomes and inconsistent MMSE/MFI tables prevent one clean effect estimate. Funding and conflict were not stated.
Read the original source60-person blinded fatigue trial · one scale positive, others null
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Mokina, Antipenko and Gustov. 2010.
MFI-20 and one fatigue score improved in the active arm; Fatigue Severity Scale and reduced work capacity were null.
- Participants / model
- 60 cerebrovascular patients; 27 active and 33 placebo
- Follow-up
- Thirty days
- Study design
- Reported randomized double-blind placebo-controlled
Significance marks are within-arm, not randomized between-arm tests. Baseline symptoms were often worse on placebo; concealment, attrition and funding are unclear.
Read the original source1,170-person program · no randomized control
Noninterventional clinical program
Fedin et al. 2015. PMID 25726789.
Asthenia scores reportedly fell by more than half with improvement across symptom domains.
- Participants / model
- 1,170 adults aged 45-65 with chronic cerebral ischemia
- Follow-up
- Two to three months
- Study design
- Open noninterventional program
Expectation, co-care, regression to the mean and selective reporting cannot be separated from drug effect.
Read the original sourceR-enantiomer DAT study · rats
Preclinical animal pharmacology
Sommer et al. 2014. PMID 24964269.
R-phenylpiracetam inhibited DAT and shifted effort-related responding; S was less potent in this paradigm.
- Participants / model
- Rats
- Follow-up
- Experimental
- Study design
- Controlled behavioral pharmacology
Resolved-enantiomer rat data do not establish human focus, productivity, ADHD treatment or abuse liability.
Read the original sourceS-enantiomer metabolic study · animals
Preclinical animal study
PMID 28743458. 2017.
S-phenylpiracetam reduced weight and fat gain, glucose and leptin and improved glucose tolerance.
- Participants / model
- Western-diet mice and obese Zucker rats
- Follow-up
- Eight to twelve weeks
- Study design
- Controlled animal experiments
The S enantiomer and animal disease models do not establish racemic human fat loss or metabolic safety.
Read the original sourceRussian label · PK claims, activation and BP warnings
Official product information
Russian Ministry-format product information, LP-004616.
Label states Tmax one hour, half-life three to five hours and lists activation, insomnia, flushing/heat and increased blood pressure.
- Participants / model
- Users of the specified Russian 50 mg and 100 mg tablets
- Follow-up
- Current approved labeling
- Study design
- Regulatory product label
The underlying modern human PK study is not exposed. Label assertions do not settle long-term healthy tolerance, dependence or retail-product identity.
Read the original source2025 lab survey · product identity, not harm rate
Official-laboratory market surveillance
PMID 40558871. 2025.
Phenylpiracetam was among Russian prescription compounds identified in samples collected in 2020-2024.
- Participants / model
- 159 samples with 166 identifications across many substances
- Follow-up
- 2020-2024 samples
- Study design
- Multi-laboratory analytical surveillance
The totals cover many compounds and do not equal phenylpiracetam exposures or adverse events.
Read the original source90-person blinded epilepsy trial · published abstract
Randomized double-blind adjunctive trial
Grebeniuk et al. PMID 25591651.
The abstract reports fewer seizures and improved cognition.
- Participants / model
- 90 adults receiving standard antiepileptic therapy
- Follow-up
- Not reported in the abstract
- Study design
- Reported randomized double-blind placebo-controlled adjunctive trial
The abstract does not report arm sizes, duration, absolute effects, uncertainty, multiplicity, or complete safety data. Forty percent did not have negative standard-therapy effects reduced.
Read the original source61-person epilepsy comparison · incomplete methods
Comparative adjunctive clinical study
Bel'skaia GN. [Complex treatment of epilepsy with phenotropil]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2007. PMID 18379471.
The abstract reports improved seizure, EEG and psychological outcomes.
- Participants / model
- 61 patients; 31 adjunctive phenotropil and 30 conventional treatment
- Follow-up
- Two months
- Study design
- Comparative clinical study
The abstract does not report allocation, masking, numerical effects, or detailed safety data.
Read the original sourceAthlete and healthy-men abstracts · sparse arm data
Primary conference abstracts
Russian XI Human and Medicine Congress abstracts. 2004.
An 80-athlete report claimed 4% to 6% performance improvement versus placebo; a 23-man report claimed cognition and PWC-170 improvement.
- Participants / model
- Athletes, practically healthy men and occupational cohorts
- Follow-up
- Acute to several days
- Study design
- Multiple early conference reports
Arm sizes, allocation, masking, dispersion, uncertainty and independent replication are missing; developer-linked reports may overlap.
Read the original source52-patient program · fewer sessions, incomplete controls
Clinical adaptation program
Razsolov and Potievsky aviation hypoxia program.
Training reportedly required 10-11 versus 18-20 sessions in pilots and 14-15 versus 25-28 in ground workers; oxygen tolerance rose 2.8 to 3.3 minutes acutely.
- Participants / model
- 52 patients, including 28 pilots and 24 ground staff with hypertension, bronchitis or related disease
- Follow-up
- Training course
- Study design
- Placebo-associated methodological report
Allocation, masking, arm dispersion and functional flight outcomes are not reported. The cohort is not described as healthy athletes.
Read the original sourceWhy is phenylpiracetam in C tier?
Tier C: randomized patient studies report selected attention, cognition and fatigue results, while other scales are null and several large reports lack randomized controls. Healthy athlete and occupational experiments are too sparsely reported for a dependable effect size. Russian label use supplies safety and PK context, but long-term healthy stimulant use, dependence and cardiovascular or psychiatric risk remain uncertain.