RAD-140
RAD-140 has human androgen-receptor target-engagement data and two early oncology programs, including a 20-patient result with reformulated vosilasarm in 2025. The cited controlled human studies did not measure muscle gain, strength, athletic performance, healthy-male hormones, semen, fertility, or post-AAS recovery. Both oncology programs produced frequent liver-test abnormalities, and severe cholestatic injury has been reported after unverified market products.
nonsteroidal selective androgen-receptor modulator
- RAD-140, RAD140, vosilasarm, and Testolone name the intended molecule; a retail label does not verify the contents.
- Two therapeutic-dose oncology programs now have human results, but neither studied healthy performance.
- The 2025 program used reformulated vosilasarm/EP0062, so its exposure data cannot be merged with the original formulation.
- Cited therapeutic-dose studies did not measure healthy-male hormones, semen, fertility, or post-AAS recovery.
- Liver-test abnormalities recurred in both oncology programs, and market-product case reports include severe cholestatic injury.
Are RAD-140, Testolone, and vosilasarm the same molecule?
RAD-140 and RAD140 are development-code spellings, vosilasarm is the clinical name, and Testolone is a common market alias. The 2022 trial used the original clinical formulation. The 2025 program used reformulated vosilasarm/EP0062 with different bioavailability. Neither controlled formulation verifies an online vial or capsule.
RAD-140 is a nonsteroidal androgen-receptor agonist. Human SHBG, PSA, and tumor-biopsy changes show pathway activity; they do not establish a muscle, libido, testosterone, or fertility benefit.
PubChem · RAD-140 identity
Official chemical identity record
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem CID 44200882.
The record identifies RAD140 with formula C20H16ClN5O2, molecular weight 393.8 g/mol, CAS 1182367-47-0, and UNII 4O87Q44KNC.
- Study design
- Chemical database record
Identity registration neither confers approval nor authenticates retail products.
Read the original sourceLoRusso et al. · 22-patient phase 1
Open-label phase 1 dose-escalation study
LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, Annett M, Yu Z, Conlan MG, Weise A. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2022;22(1):67-77. DOI 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.003.
Twenty-two postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer were treated. One partial response, clinical benefit in 4/22, and median PFS of 2.3 months were reported. AST increased in 13/22, ALT in 10/22, and bilirubin in 6/22. All-cause grade 3/4 treatment-emergent events affected 16/22; treatment-related events affected 17/22, including grade 3 in 7/22 and grade 4 in 0/22. The reported half-life was 44.7 hours for this formulation.
- Participants / model
- 22 postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Oral RAD-140 once daily in 50, 100, and 150 mg escalation cohorts
- Follow-up
- Continuous 28-day cycles until progression or discontinuation
- Study design
- First-in-human open-label 3+3 phase 1 dose escalation
- Funding
- Sponsor-authored development study
No placebo or active comparator; tiny cancer cohort; disease and concomitant-care context prevent transfer to healthy performance use.
Read the original sourceHan et al. · 20-patient reformulated-vosilasarm study
Phase 1 dose-finding conference poster and abstract
Han HS, LoRusso P, Hamilton EP, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2025;43(16_suppl):1057. DOI 10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.1057.
Twenty patients received reformulated vosilasarm. Among 16 with measurable disease, 9 had stable disease, 6 progressed, and 1 was not evaluable; there was no objective response. The poster reports clinical benefit in 4/20 and CA15-3 decline of at least 20% in 5/17, while the abstract uses 4/19 and 5/19. ALT rose in 10/20, including grade 3+ in 4/20; AST rose in 8/20, including grade 3+ in 1/20. Three patients interrupted, two reduced, and one withdrew treatment.
- Participants / model
- 20 heavily pretreated women with AR+/ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Reformulated oral vosilasarm/EP0062 in four dose-finding cohorts
- Follow-up
- Repeated 28-day cycles
- Study design
- Open uncontrolled phase 1 monotherapy dose finding
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma sponsored the trial; sponsor employees were authors and Ellipses funded editorial support
The ASCO poster and JCO supplement abstract use different denominators. This conference evidence has no randomized comparator or peer-reviewed full outcome paper.
Read the original sourceNCT05573126 · current vosilasarm trial
Clinical trial registry record
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05573126, record updated June 2026.
The June 2026 record lists the open nonrandomized sequential phase 1/2 study as recruiting, with estimated enrollment of 95 and estimated primary completion in February 2028. It posts no results.
- Participants / model
- Women with relapsed locally advanced or metastatic AR+/HER2-/ER+ breast cancer
- Treatment
- EP0062 monotherapy and combination modules
- Follow-up
- Ongoing; estimated primary completion February 2028
- Study design
- Open-label nonrandomized sequential phase 1/2 registry record
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma
The 2026 JCO trial-in-progress abstract describes planned combination modules and supplies no efficacy or safety outcome.
Read the original sourceWhat did the two oncology programs find?
The 2022 original-formulation study enrolled 22 postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer. One had a partial response and 4/22 met its 24-week clinical-benefit definition. The 2025 reformulated-vosilasarm study treated 20 similar patients. It reported no objective response; four met the poster's stable-disease-for-at-least-six-month definition. Both studies were uncontrolled dose-finding programs and both recorded frequent liver-test abnormalities.
| Program | Efficacy | Liver and adverse events | Limit |
|---|---|---|---|
| LoRusso 2022; original formulation; n=22 | 1 partial response; clinical benefit 4/22; median PFS 2.3 months | AST 13/22, ALT 10/22, bilirubin 6/22; all-cause grade 3/4 events 16/22; treatment-related grade 3 events 7/22 and grade 4 events 0/22 | Open phase 1 cancer study. Registry says n=20 while the paper analyzes 22. |
| Han 2025; reformulated EP0062; n=20 | Among 16 with measurable disease: stable 9, progression 6, not evaluable 1; no objective response; clinical benefit 4/20 poster vs 4/19 abstract | ALT 10/20 overall and 4/20 grade 3+; AST 8/20 overall and 1/20 grade 3+; 3 interruptions, 2 reductions, 1 withdrawal | Conference poster/abstract, no comparator, sponsor funded and authored; tumor-marker denominator also differs between poster and abstract. |
| NCT05573126 current record | Recruiting phase 1/2 program; no posted results | Safety and PK remain protocol outcomes | Estimated n=95 and primary completion February 2028. The 2026 JCO item describes the trial design, not another result. |
These were cancer-treatment studies in heavily pretreated postmenopausal women. They do not measure benefit in healthy users.
LoRusso et al. · 22-patient phase 1
Open-label phase 1 dose-escalation study
LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, Annett M, Yu Z, Conlan MG, Weise A. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2022;22(1):67-77. DOI 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.003.
Twenty-two postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer were treated. One partial response, clinical benefit in 4/22, and median PFS of 2.3 months were reported. AST increased in 13/22, ALT in 10/22, and bilirubin in 6/22. All-cause grade 3/4 treatment-emergent events affected 16/22; treatment-related events affected 17/22, including grade 3 in 7/22 and grade 4 in 0/22. The reported half-life was 44.7 hours for this formulation.
- Participants / model
- 22 postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Oral RAD-140 once daily in 50, 100, and 150 mg escalation cohorts
- Follow-up
- Continuous 28-day cycles until progression or discontinuation
- Study design
- First-in-human open-label 3+3 phase 1 dose escalation
- Funding
- Sponsor-authored development study
No placebo or active comparator; tiny cancer cohort; disease and concomitant-care context prevent transfer to healthy performance use.
Read the original sourceNCT03088527 · clinical registry
Clinical trial registry record
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03088527.
The registry identifies the phase 1 oncology study. Its enrollment count differs from the 22 participants in the peer-reviewed publication, so outcome denominators follow the publication.
- Participants / model
- Postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer
- Treatment
- RAD-140
- Follow-up
- Protocol-defined
- Study design
- Registered phase 1 study
The publication is the primary outcome source; registry enrollment metadata and paper denominator are not silently merged.
Read the original sourceHan et al. · 20-patient reformulated-vosilasarm study
Phase 1 dose-finding conference poster and abstract
Han HS, LoRusso P, Hamilton EP, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2025;43(16_suppl):1057. DOI 10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.1057.
Twenty patients received reformulated vosilasarm. Among 16 with measurable disease, 9 had stable disease, 6 progressed, and 1 was not evaluable; there was no objective response. The poster reports clinical benefit in 4/20 and CA15-3 decline of at least 20% in 5/17, while the abstract uses 4/19 and 5/19. ALT rose in 10/20, including grade 3+ in 4/20; AST rose in 8/20, including grade 3+ in 1/20. Three patients interrupted, two reduced, and one withdrew treatment.
- Participants / model
- 20 heavily pretreated women with AR+/ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Reformulated oral vosilasarm/EP0062 in four dose-finding cohorts
- Follow-up
- Repeated 28-day cycles
- Study design
- Open uncontrolled phase 1 monotherapy dose finding
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma sponsored the trial; sponsor employees were authors and Ellipses funded editorial support
The ASCO poster and JCO supplement abstract use different denominators. This conference evidence has no randomized comparator or peer-reviewed full outcome paper.
Read the original sourceNCT05573126 · current vosilasarm trial
Clinical trial registry record
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05573126, record updated June 2026.
The June 2026 record lists the open nonrandomized sequential phase 1/2 study as recruiting, with estimated enrollment of 95 and estimated primary completion in February 2028. It posts no results.
- Participants / model
- Women with relapsed locally advanced or metastatic AR+/HER2-/ER+ breast cancer
- Treatment
- EP0062 monotherapy and combination modules
- Follow-up
- Ongoing; estimated primary completion February 2028
- Study design
- Open-label nonrandomized sequential phase 1/2 registry record
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma
The 2026 JCO trial-in-progress abstract describes planned combination modules and supplies no efficacy or safety outcome.
Read the original sourceDoes human evidence show more muscle, strength, or athletic performance?
Cited controlled therapeutic-dose studies did not enroll healthy people or measure lean mass, muscle size, strength, power, sprinting, endurance, training adaptation, fat loss, or recovery. The human microdose work measured urinary metabolites for anti-doping detection. Animal studies show biological activity, but their positive and negative results do not supply a human effect size.
| Study | Measured result | Limit |
|---|---|---|
| Miller 2011 | Body weight rose in active monkey groups; lean-mass trend was not conventionally significant | Three monkeys per exposure group; no human outcome |
| Brown 2023 | Only 3/12 treated female mice reached week 10 vs 10/11 controls; frailty and protein oxidation rose; torque did not improve and young-mouse adaptation was blunted | Differential mortality destabilizes later endpoints |
| Puskas 2025 | Some muscle-size effects; no added plantaris growth beyond overload and no tibial bone effect | No strength, liver, or heart measurement |
| Heinze 2025 | No frailty or grip benefit; male-only lean-mass, BMD, and IL-6 signals | Small sex-stratified older-mouse groups |
| Heinze 2026 | Cardiac functional signals without structural change | Likely overlaps the 2025 cohort; independent replication is uncertain |
Cited therapeutic-dose studies in healthy men did not measure testosterone, LH, FSH, libido, erectile function, semen, pregnancy, or post-AAS recovery.
Wagener et al. · human microdose metabolism
Human microdose anti-doping study
Wagener F, Euler L, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thevis M. Metabolites. 2022;12(7):666. DOI 10.3390/metabo12070666.
Six microdose experiments with five adult men each used single or repeated oral 1, 10, or 50 microgram exposures. Parent and metabolites were characterized in urine, with detection up to 29 days after the largest microdose condition and evidence of accumulation after repeats.
- Participants / model
- Five adult men per each of six microdose experiments
- Treatment
- Single or repeated oral RAD-140 microdoses in yogurt
- Follow-up
- Urine collection through the study-specific detection window
- Study design
- Open human metabolism and excretion experiments
- Funding
- Anti-doping research program
A urinary detection window after microdosing is not a therapeutic half-life, safety trial, or efficacy result.
Read the original sourceMiller et al. · rats and three monkeys per group
Cell and animal development study
Miller CP, Shomali M, Lyttle CR, O'Dea LSL, Herendeen H, Gallacher K, Paquin D, Compton DR, Sahoo B, Kerrigan SA, Burge MS, Nickels M, Green JL, Katzenellenbogen JA, Tchesnokov A, Hattersley G. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2011;2(2):124-129. DOI 10.1021/ml1002508.
The report characterized androgen-receptor activity in vitro and tissue effects in rat models. Young male cynomolgus monkeys, three per exposure group, received oral RAD-140 for 28 days; body weight increased at active levels, while the lean-mass trend did not reach conventional statistical significance and fat mass was not consistently changed.
- Participants / model
- Cell systems, rat androgen models, and young male cynomolgus monkeys with n=3 per group
- Treatment
- RAD-140 and comparator conditions
- Follow-up
- Up to 28 days in monkeys
- Study design
- Preclinical discovery and characterization study
- Funding
- Industry development program
The primate groups had three animals each and used surrogate body-composition measures. Human efficacy, safety, and half-life were not measured.
Read the original sourceBrown et al. · female-mouse mortality and adaptation
Controlled animal study
Brown AM, Ganjayi MS, Baumann CW. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2023;50:973-983. DOI 10.1111/1440-1681.13824.
Only 3/12 RAD-treated mice reached week 10 versus 10/11 controls; median treated survival was 8.5 weeks. Frailty and liver/kidney protein oxidation rose, torque did not improve, and adaptation in young mice was blunted.
- Participants / model
- 23 young or adult female mice
- Treatment
- RAD-140 in drinking water versus control, with exercised and nonexercised conditions
- Follow-up
- 10 weeks
- Study design
- Controlled animal exercise and toxicity study
Severe differential mortality destabilizes later measurements; animal mortality and exposure do not estimate human incidence.
Read the original sourcePuskas et al. · intact-rat overload study
Controlled animal muscle and bone study
Puskas J, Guda T, Niccoli S, Rathbone CR, Tan-Johnson B, Puskas D, Middleton R, Otis JS, Lees SJ. Physiological Reports. 2025;13(14):e70463. DOI 10.14814/phy2.70463.
Forty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups of ten for 14 days of RAD140 or vehicle with or without unilateral functional overload. RAD140 increased soleus mass and plantaris fiber area, but did not add to overload-induced plantaris growth and did not change measured tibial bone outcomes.
- Participants / model
- 40 young intact male Sprague-Dawley rats; four groups of ten
- Treatment
- RAD140 in drinking water or vehicle, with or without unilateral functional overload
- Follow-up
- 14 days
- Study design
- Controlled two-factor animal study with the contralateral limb as an internal overload control
- Funding
- Canadian academic grants; authors declared no commercial or financial conflict
Exposure was estimated from cage water intake in pair-housed growing rats. No liver or cardiac tissue was collected, and the study measured no functional strength outcome.
Read the original sourceHeinze et al. · older-mouse frailty study
Controlled animal aging study
Heinze SS, et al. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2025;225:112054. PMID 40158703. DOI 10.1016/j.mad.2025.112054.
Six weeks did not improve clinical, laboratory, combined, FRIGHT, or AFRAID frailty measures. Males showed preserved lean mass, BMD, and lower IL-6; females did not. Grip strength, fat mass, and muscle-gene outcomes were null.
- Participants / model
- Older C57BL/6 mice, 21 male and 15 female overall
- Treatment
- RAD-140 versus control
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Sex-stratified controlled animal aging study
Small animal groups and sex-specific signals do not establish a human anti-frailty or muscle benefit.
Read the original sourceHeinze et al. · older-mouse cardiac analysis
Controlled animal cardiac study
Heinze SS, Sapp DG, Young AP, Howlett SE. GeroScience. 2026. PMID 41703239. DOI 10.1007/s11357-026-02151-9.
Pooled ejection fraction rose 10.4%, stroke volume 9.6 µL, and cardiac output 4.5 mL/min without structural change; male functional signals were larger than female signals.
- Participants / model
- 23-month-old male and female mice
- Treatment
- RAD-140 versus control
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Controlled older-mouse cardiac-function study
Laboratory, age, exposure, and duration match the 2025 frailty work, so this may be an overlapping cohort rather than an independent replication.
Read the original sourceHuman evidence · no performance outcome
Human clinical evidence
PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.
The cited human record includes the oncology phase 1 study and human anti-doping microdose work, but no controlled human result for muscle, strength, body composition, athletic performance, aging, or recovery.
Read the original sourceHow strong is the liver-injury evidence?
Both controlled oncology programs produced frequent aminotransferase abnormalities. Independent case reports describe severe cholestatic or mixed injury after products represented as RAD-140. The cases support a safety signal but cannot calculate incidence or fully authenticate retail contents. A 2026 critical case involved RAD-140 plus andarine, so it cannot be assigned to RAD-140 alone.
A 2025 report described a 42-year-old who reported RAD-140 alone for eight weeks. Total/direct bilirubin reached 20.2/12.6 mg/dL and biopsy showed bland cholestasis. Bilirubin normalized over roughly two months after corticosteroids, but one uncontrolled case cannot show that steroids caused recovery.
The 2026 Dao case required plasmapheresis and was complicated by pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, and intensive care. The exposure history included RAD-140 and andarine/S4.
LoRusso et al. · 22-patient phase 1
Open-label phase 1 dose-escalation study
LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, Annett M, Yu Z, Conlan MG, Weise A. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2022;22(1):67-77. DOI 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.003.
Twenty-two postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer were treated. One partial response, clinical benefit in 4/22, and median PFS of 2.3 months were reported. AST increased in 13/22, ALT in 10/22, and bilirubin in 6/22. All-cause grade 3/4 treatment-emergent events affected 16/22; treatment-related events affected 17/22, including grade 3 in 7/22 and grade 4 in 0/22. The reported half-life was 44.7 hours for this formulation.
- Participants / model
- 22 postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Oral RAD-140 once daily in 50, 100, and 150 mg escalation cohorts
- Follow-up
- Continuous 28-day cycles until progression or discontinuation
- Study design
- First-in-human open-label 3+3 phase 1 dose escalation
- Funding
- Sponsor-authored development study
No placebo or active comparator; tiny cancer cohort; disease and concomitant-care context prevent transfer to healthy performance use.
Read the original sourceHan et al. · 20-patient reformulated-vosilasarm study
Phase 1 dose-finding conference poster and abstract
Han HS, LoRusso P, Hamilton EP, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2025;43(16_suppl):1057. DOI 10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.1057.
Twenty patients received reformulated vosilasarm. Among 16 with measurable disease, 9 had stable disease, 6 progressed, and 1 was not evaluable; there was no objective response. The poster reports clinical benefit in 4/20 and CA15-3 decline of at least 20% in 5/17, while the abstract uses 4/19 and 5/19. ALT rose in 10/20, including grade 3+ in 4/20; AST rose in 8/20, including grade 3+ in 1/20. Three patients interrupted, two reduced, and one withdrew treatment.
- Participants / model
- 20 heavily pretreated women with AR+/ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Reformulated oral vosilasarm/EP0062 in four dose-finding cohorts
- Follow-up
- Repeated 28-day cycles
- Study design
- Open uncontrolled phase 1 monotherapy dose finding
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma sponsored the trial; sponsor employees were authors and Ellipses funded editorial support
The ASCO poster and JCO supplement abstract use different denominators. This conference evidence has no randomized comparator or peer-reviewed full outcome paper.
Read the original sourceLadna et al. · liver-injury case
Peer-reviewed case report
Ladna M, Taylor K, Bhat A, Dideban B. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2023;17:134. DOI 10.1186/s13256-023-03847-8.
A 26-year-old man developed jaundice and acute liver injury after reported RAD-140 use; competing causes were investigated and tests normalized over about two months after cessation.
- Participants / model
- One 26-year-old man
- Treatment
- Self-reported marketed RAD-140 product
- Follow-up
- Case course through recovery
- Study design
- Case report
A case supports signal detection but cannot estimate incidence, prove causality with randomized control, or authenticate retail composition.
Read the original sourcePerananthan and George · severe liver injury
Peer-reviewed case report
Perananthan V, George J. Australian Prescriber. 2024;47(1):26-28. DOI 10.18773/austprescr.2024.004.
The report describes severe liver injury after a product represented as RAD-140 for bodybuilding and documents the clinical course after cessation.
- Participants / model
- One person with severe liver injury after reported use
- Treatment
- Marketed product represented as RAD-140
- Follow-up
- Case course
- Study design
- Case report
A case cannot provide incidence or study-grade product authentication.
Read the original sourceNiazi et al. · biopsy-supported cholestatic injury
Peer-reviewed case report
Niazi B, Quach B, Fisher K, Peeraphatdit T. ACG Case Reports Journal. 2025;12(8):e01803. PMID 40761329. DOI 10.14309/crj.0000000000001803.
A 42-year-old reporting eight weeks of RAD-140 alone developed total/direct bilirubin of 20.2/12.6 mg/dL and biopsy-supported bland cholestasis. Bilirubin normalized about two months after corticosteroid treatment.
- Participants / model
- One 42-year-old man
- Treatment
- Self-reported RAD-140 product, followed by clinical treatment
- Follow-up
- Eight-week exposure and follow-up through recovery
- Study design
- Case report
The product was not analytically authenticated, and the uncontrolled course cannot show that corticosteroids accelerated recovery.
Read the original sourceDao et al. · critical mixed-SARM liver injury
Peer-reviewed case report
Dao D, King B, Dao H, Bahirwani R. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center). 2026. PMID 42417499. DOI 10.1080/08998280.2026.2691619.
A severe cholestatic injury required plasmapheresis and was complicated by pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, and intensive care.
- Participants / model
- One previously healthy young man
- Treatment
- Reported supplement containing RAD-140 and andarine/S4
- Follow-up
- Case course
- Study design
- Case report
The mixed RAD-140 and andarine exposure prevents RAD-140-only attribution.
Read the original sourceWhat is known about cardiac risk and retail identity?
Cardiac causation is unresolved. One 16-year-old developed chest pain within hours of a first reported dose, troponin rose from 4,690 to 6,066 ng/L, and MRI supported myopericarditis; one unverified-product case cannot establish cause or incidence. Retail identity is also uncertain: a 2025 study could not reliably identify Testolone in four labeled products with its solid-state analytical method. The method can miss low concentrations and mixtures, so the result is an identity warning rather than proof that all four contained none.
Animal prostate findings conflict. A quantitative 36-rat study found no significant prostate-mass or tissue-ratio change, while a 2026 descriptive study used three rats per group and an unverified retail liquid without blinded scoring or inferential statistics.
Schwartzman et al. · adolescent myopericarditis case
Peer-reviewed case report
Schwartzman KH, Kohli U, Chaudhuri NR, Hoda M. JACC Case Reports. 2024;29(15):102423. PMID 39157568. DOI 10.1016/j.jaccas.2024.102423.
A 16-year-old developed chest pain within hours of a first reported RAD-140 dose. Troponin rose from 4,690 to 6,066 ng/L and cardiac MRI supported myopericarditis; symptoms and imaging later improved.
- Participants / model
- One 16-year-old boy
- Treatment
- First reported dose of a market product represented as RAD-140
- Follow-up
- Eight months of clinical follow-up
- Study design
- Case report
There was no rechallenge or product authentication, and alternative causes remain possible; the authors reported no relevant relationships.
Read the original sourceJendrzejewska et al. · online SARM product screening
Analytical product study
Jendrzejewska I, Cehlarik L, Goryczka T, Pietrasik E, Pawlik N, Jampilek J. ADMET & DMPK. 2025;13(3):2685. PMID 40585415. DOI 10.5599/admet.2685.
Sixteen anonymously bought unregistered SARM-labeled products included four declaring Testolone/RAD-140. Solid-state screening could not reliably identify Testolone in all four.
- Participants / model
- 16 SARM-labeled products bought from the Slovak online market; four declared Testolone
- Treatment
- X-ray, Raman, thermal, and related solid-state screening
- Follow-up
- Cross-sectional testing
- Study design
- Analytical product-identity study
The analytical method can miss low concentrations and coexisting phases, so it does not prove that every labeled product contained zero RAD-140. Authors declared no conflicts.
Read the original sourceBudaya et al. · quantitative rat prostate study
Controlled animal prostate study
Budaya TN, Nurhadi P, Anita KW, Nugroho P, Dhani FK. Medical Journal of Indonesia. 2024;33:75-79. DOI 10.13181/mji.oa.247289.
Male Wistar rats were assigned to six groups of six and received sham surgery or orchidectomy with or without RAD140 for six weeks. The authors found no significant between-group difference in testosterone, prostate mass, or fibromuscular-stroma-to-epithelium ratio attributable to RAD140.
- Participants / model
- 36 male Wistar rats; six groups of six
- Treatment
- Sham surgery or orchidectomy with RAD140 or control conditions
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Randomized post-test-only controlled animal study
- Funding
- Study compound supplied by Ellipses Pharma; authors reported no conflict
The small rat study quantified selected prostate endpoints but did not evaluate other organs, long-term carcinogenesis, or human risk.
Read the original sourceMohamad · small retail-product rat histology study
Exploratory animal histology study
Mohamad BJ. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2026;67(9). DOI 10.24996/ijs.2026.67.9.10.
Eighteen young male rats were split into one three-animal control group and five three-animal exposure groups. Descriptive microscopy reported dose-related acinar, stromal, hyperplastic, and fibrotic changes after six weeks.
- Participants / model
- 18 six-week-old male albino rats; n=3 per control or exposure group
- Treatment
- A retail liquid represented as RAD140, given by mouth at five concentrations
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Small controlled descriptive histology study
The product identity was not analytically verified, exposure was fixed by volume rather than normalized to body weight, groups contained three animals, and the paper reports no blinded scoring or inferential statistics. Its qualitative signal conflicts with the quantitative 2024 rat study.
Read the original sourceWhat human half-life and detection data are defensible?
The original oncology formulation had a reported 44.7-hour plasma half-life. That estimate does not establish effect duration and should not be transferred to reformulated EP0062 or retail products. The 2025 poster said EP0062 exposure was dose proportional without accumulation, but published no complete numerical PK table. Human microdose experiments measured urinary detection, not therapeutic exposure or safety.
The microdose program ran six experiments described as five adult men each. The paper does not make clear that all six groups were different people, so the experiments should not be reported as a definite 30-person cohort.
LoRusso et al. · 22-patient phase 1
Open-label phase 1 dose-escalation study
LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, Annett M, Yu Z, Conlan MG, Weise A. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2022;22(1):67-77. DOI 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.003.
Twenty-two postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer were treated. One partial response, clinical benefit in 4/22, and median PFS of 2.3 months were reported. AST increased in 13/22, ALT in 10/22, and bilirubin in 6/22. All-cause grade 3/4 treatment-emergent events affected 16/22; treatment-related events affected 17/22, including grade 3 in 7/22 and grade 4 in 0/22. The reported half-life was 44.7 hours for this formulation.
- Participants / model
- 22 postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Oral RAD-140 once daily in 50, 100, and 150 mg escalation cohorts
- Follow-up
- Continuous 28-day cycles until progression or discontinuation
- Study design
- First-in-human open-label 3+3 phase 1 dose escalation
- Funding
- Sponsor-authored development study
No placebo or active comparator; tiny cancer cohort; disease and concomitant-care context prevent transfer to healthy performance use.
Read the original sourceHan et al. · 20-patient reformulated-vosilasarm study
Phase 1 dose-finding conference poster and abstract
Han HS, LoRusso P, Hamilton EP, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2025;43(16_suppl):1057. DOI 10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.1057.
Twenty patients received reformulated vosilasarm. Among 16 with measurable disease, 9 had stable disease, 6 progressed, and 1 was not evaluable; there was no objective response. The poster reports clinical benefit in 4/20 and CA15-3 decline of at least 20% in 5/17, while the abstract uses 4/19 and 5/19. ALT rose in 10/20, including grade 3+ in 4/20; AST rose in 8/20, including grade 3+ in 1/20. Three patients interrupted, two reduced, and one withdrew treatment.
- Participants / model
- 20 heavily pretreated women with AR+/ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Reformulated oral vosilasarm/EP0062 in four dose-finding cohorts
- Follow-up
- Repeated 28-day cycles
- Study design
- Open uncontrolled phase 1 monotherapy dose finding
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma sponsored the trial; sponsor employees were authors and Ellipses funded editorial support
The ASCO poster and JCO supplement abstract use different denominators. This conference evidence has no randomized comparator or peer-reviewed full outcome paper.
Read the original sourceNCT05573126 · current vosilasarm trial
Clinical trial registry record
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05573126, record updated June 2026.
The June 2026 record lists the open nonrandomized sequential phase 1/2 study as recruiting, with estimated enrollment of 95 and estimated primary completion in February 2028. It posts no results.
- Participants / model
- Women with relapsed locally advanced or metastatic AR+/HER2-/ER+ breast cancer
- Treatment
- EP0062 monotherapy and combination modules
- Follow-up
- Ongoing; estimated primary completion February 2028
- Study design
- Open-label nonrandomized sequential phase 1/2 registry record
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma
The 2026 JCO trial-in-progress abstract describes planned combination modules and supplies no efficacy or safety outcome.
Read the original sourceWagener et al. · human microdose metabolism
Human microdose anti-doping study
Wagener F, Euler L, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thevis M. Metabolites. 2022;12(7):666. DOI 10.3390/metabo12070666.
Six microdose experiments with five adult men each used single or repeated oral 1, 10, or 50 microgram exposures. Parent and metabolites were characterized in urine, with detection up to 29 days after the largest microdose condition and evidence of accumulation after repeats.
- Participants / model
- Five adult men per each of six microdose experiments
- Treatment
- Single or repeated oral RAD-140 microdoses in yogurt
- Follow-up
- Urine collection through the study-specific detection window
- Study design
- Open human metabolism and excretion experiments
- Funding
- Anti-doping research program
A urinary detection window after microdosing is not a therapeutic half-life, safety trial, or efficacy result.
Read the original sourceIs there a reliable interaction or monitoring guide?
The cited evidence provides no approved label or adequate human drug-interaction program. The observed AST, ALT, and bilirubin abnormalities make additional hepatotoxic exposure a concrete clinical concern, but the evidence cannot supply a validated interaction list, monitoring schedule, or safe threshold.
Androgen-receptor activity also makes endocrine and reproductive effects biologically plausible. FDA's broader SARM warning names cardiovascular, liver, sexual, fertility, and testicular risks at class level; it does not provide RAD-140-specific rates.
FDA · SARM class warning
FDA safety communication
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, updated December 2025.
FDA states that marketed SARM bodybuilding products are unapproved drugs rather than lawful dietary-supplement ingredients and describes cardiovascular, liver, reproductive, sexual, and testicular class concerns.
- Participants / model
- Consumers of marketed bodybuilding SARM products
- Treatment
- SARM class
- Study design
- Agency class-risk communication
- Funding
- U.S. FDA
The class warning does not provide RAD-140-specific incidence.
Read the original sourceLoRusso et al. · 22-patient phase 1
Open-label phase 1 dose-escalation study
LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, Annett M, Yu Z, Conlan MG, Weise A. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2022;22(1):67-77. DOI 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.003.
Twenty-two postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer were treated. One partial response, clinical benefit in 4/22, and median PFS of 2.3 months were reported. AST increased in 13/22, ALT in 10/22, and bilirubin in 6/22. All-cause grade 3/4 treatment-emergent events affected 16/22; treatment-related events affected 17/22, including grade 3 in 7/22 and grade 4 in 0/22. The reported half-life was 44.7 hours for this formulation.
- Participants / model
- 22 postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Oral RAD-140 once daily in 50, 100, and 150 mg escalation cohorts
- Follow-up
- Continuous 28-day cycles until progression or discontinuation
- Study design
- First-in-human open-label 3+3 phase 1 dose escalation
- Funding
- Sponsor-authored development study
No placebo or active comparator; tiny cancer cohort; disease and concomitant-care context prevent transfer to healthy performance use.
Read the original sourceIs RAD-140 approved, and is it allowed in tested sport?
RAD-140 is investigational, and no FDA-approved finished product appears in the cited US regulatory records. FDA's December 2025 Atomix warning letter identifies a marketed RAD-140/Testolone product as an unapproved new drug. WADA explicitly names RAD140 among SARMs prohibited at all times in 2026.
FDA warning letter · RAD-140/Testolone
FDA enforcement letter
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. MARCS-CMS 719111, 12 December 2025.
FDA identified a marketed RAD-140/Testolone product as an unapproved new drug based on its product and disease or structure-function claims.
- Participants / model
- Named U.S. seller and product
- Follow-up
- Letter dated 12 December 2025
- Study design
- Regulatory enforcement action
- Funding
- U.S. FDA
The letter does not authenticate the product or quantify clinical risk.
Read the original sourceFDA · SARM class warning
FDA safety communication
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, updated December 2025.
FDA states that marketed SARM bodybuilding products are unapproved drugs rather than lawful dietary-supplement ingredients and describes cardiovascular, liver, reproductive, sexual, and testicular class concerns.
- Participants / model
- Consumers of marketed bodybuilding SARM products
- Treatment
- SARM class
- Study design
- Agency class-risk communication
- Funding
- U.S. FDA
The class warning does not provide RAD-140-specific incidence.
Read the original sourceWADA 2026 · RAD140 named
Official anti-doping standard
World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List, effective 1 January 2026.
Section S1.2 explicitly names RAD140 among selective androgen-receptor modulators prohibited at all times.
- Participants / model
- Athletes subject to the World Anti-Doping Code
- Follow-up
- Calendar year 2026
- Study design
- Anti-doping prohibited list
- Funding
- World Anti-Doping Agency
Sport prohibition is separate from medical approval.
Read the original sourceWhat compound-specific evidence comes from Chinese and Russian sources?
Chinese and Russian public sources added no independent compound-specific clinical trial. They included translations of the phase 1 and liver-injury literature, anti-doping material, research-reagent pages, and Russian reviews.
Public Chinese and Russian sources add translated phase 1 and liver-injury reports, anti-doping material, reagent pages, and reviews, but no independent compound-specific clinical trial.
Chinese and Russian evidence
Regional literature
Chinese and Russian public literature and trial registries.
The cited Chinese and Russian records add reviews, analytical methods, anti-doping reports, preclinical studies, and case reports, but no controlled human outcome trial.
Read the original sourceStudies and sources
PubChem · RAD-140 identity
Official chemical identity record
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem CID 44200882.
The record identifies RAD140 with formula C20H16ClN5O2, molecular weight 393.8 g/mol, CAS 1182367-47-0, and UNII 4O87Q44KNC.
- Study design
- Chemical database record
Identity registration neither confers approval nor authenticates retail products.
Read the original sourceLoRusso et al. · 22-patient phase 1
Open-label phase 1 dose-escalation study
LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, Annett M, Yu Z, Conlan MG, Weise A. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2022;22(1):67-77. DOI 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.003.
Twenty-two postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer were treated. One partial response, clinical benefit in 4/22, and median PFS of 2.3 months were reported. AST increased in 13/22, ALT in 10/22, and bilirubin in 6/22. All-cause grade 3/4 treatment-emergent events affected 16/22; treatment-related events affected 17/22, including grade 3 in 7/22 and grade 4 in 0/22. The reported half-life was 44.7 hours for this formulation.
- Participants / model
- 22 postmenopausal women with heavily pretreated ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Oral RAD-140 once daily in 50, 100, and 150 mg escalation cohorts
- Follow-up
- Continuous 28-day cycles until progression or discontinuation
- Study design
- First-in-human open-label 3+3 phase 1 dose escalation
- Funding
- Sponsor-authored development study
No placebo or active comparator; tiny cancer cohort; disease and concomitant-care context prevent transfer to healthy performance use.
Read the original sourceNCT03088527 · clinical registry
Clinical trial registry record
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03088527.
The registry identifies the phase 1 oncology study. Its enrollment count differs from the 22 participants in the peer-reviewed publication, so outcome denominators follow the publication.
- Participants / model
- Postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer
- Treatment
- RAD-140
- Follow-up
- Protocol-defined
- Study design
- Registered phase 1 study
The publication is the primary outcome source; registry enrollment metadata and paper denominator are not silently merged.
Read the original sourceWagener et al. · human microdose metabolism
Human microdose anti-doping study
Wagener F, Euler L, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thevis M. Metabolites. 2022;12(7):666. DOI 10.3390/metabo12070666.
Six microdose experiments with five adult men each used single or repeated oral 1, 10, or 50 microgram exposures. Parent and metabolites were characterized in urine, with detection up to 29 days after the largest microdose condition and evidence of accumulation after repeats.
- Participants / model
- Five adult men per each of six microdose experiments
- Treatment
- Single or repeated oral RAD-140 microdoses in yogurt
- Follow-up
- Urine collection through the study-specific detection window
- Study design
- Open human metabolism and excretion experiments
- Funding
- Anti-doping research program
A urinary detection window after microdosing is not a therapeutic half-life, safety trial, or efficacy result.
Read the original sourceMiller et al. · rats and three monkeys per group
Cell and animal development study
Miller CP, Shomali M, Lyttle CR, O'Dea LSL, Herendeen H, Gallacher K, Paquin D, Compton DR, Sahoo B, Kerrigan SA, Burge MS, Nickels M, Green JL, Katzenellenbogen JA, Tchesnokov A, Hattersley G. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2011;2(2):124-129. DOI 10.1021/ml1002508.
The report characterized androgen-receptor activity in vitro and tissue effects in rat models. Young male cynomolgus monkeys, three per exposure group, received oral RAD-140 for 28 days; body weight increased at active levels, while the lean-mass trend did not reach conventional statistical significance and fat mass was not consistently changed.
- Participants / model
- Cell systems, rat androgen models, and young male cynomolgus monkeys with n=3 per group
- Treatment
- RAD-140 and comparator conditions
- Follow-up
- Up to 28 days in monkeys
- Study design
- Preclinical discovery and characterization study
- Funding
- Industry development program
The primate groups had three animals each and used surrogate body-composition measures. Human efficacy, safety, and half-life were not measured.
Read the original sourceLadna et al. · liver-injury case
Peer-reviewed case report
Ladna M, Taylor K, Bhat A, Dideban B. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2023;17:134. DOI 10.1186/s13256-023-03847-8.
A 26-year-old man developed jaundice and acute liver injury after reported RAD-140 use; competing causes were investigated and tests normalized over about two months after cessation.
- Participants / model
- One 26-year-old man
- Treatment
- Self-reported marketed RAD-140 product
- Follow-up
- Case course through recovery
- Study design
- Case report
A case supports signal detection but cannot estimate incidence, prove causality with randomized control, or authenticate retail composition.
Read the original sourcePerananthan and George · severe liver injury
Peer-reviewed case report
Perananthan V, George J. Australian Prescriber. 2024;47(1):26-28. DOI 10.18773/austprescr.2024.004.
The report describes severe liver injury after a product represented as RAD-140 for bodybuilding and documents the clinical course after cessation.
- Participants / model
- One person with severe liver injury after reported use
- Treatment
- Marketed product represented as RAD-140
- Follow-up
- Case course
- Study design
- Case report
A case cannot provide incidence or study-grade product authentication.
Read the original sourceFDA warning letter · RAD-140/Testolone
FDA enforcement letter
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. MARCS-CMS 719111, 12 December 2025.
FDA identified a marketed RAD-140/Testolone product as an unapproved new drug based on its product and disease or structure-function claims.
- Participants / model
- Named U.S. seller and product
- Follow-up
- Letter dated 12 December 2025
- Study design
- Regulatory enforcement action
- Funding
- U.S. FDA
The letter does not authenticate the product or quantify clinical risk.
Read the original sourceFDA · SARM class warning
FDA safety communication
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, updated December 2025.
FDA states that marketed SARM bodybuilding products are unapproved drugs rather than lawful dietary-supplement ingredients and describes cardiovascular, liver, reproductive, sexual, and testicular class concerns.
- Participants / model
- Consumers of marketed bodybuilding SARM products
- Treatment
- SARM class
- Study design
- Agency class-risk communication
- Funding
- U.S. FDA
The class warning does not provide RAD-140-specific incidence.
Read the original sourceWADA 2026 · RAD140 named
Official anti-doping standard
World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List, effective 1 January 2026.
Section S1.2 explicitly names RAD140 among selective androgen-receptor modulators prohibited at all times.
- Participants / model
- Athletes subject to the World Anti-Doping Code
- Follow-up
- Calendar year 2026
- Study design
- Anti-doping prohibited list
- Funding
- World Anti-Doping Agency
Sport prohibition is separate from medical approval.
Read the original sourceHuman evidence · no performance outcome
Human clinical evidence
PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.
The cited human record includes the oncology phase 1 study and human anti-doping microdose work, but no controlled human result for muscle, strength, body composition, athletic performance, aging, or recovery.
Read the original sourceChinese and Russian evidence
Regional literature
Chinese and Russian public literature and trial registries.
The cited Chinese and Russian records add reviews, analytical methods, anti-doping reports, preclinical studies, and case reports, but no controlled human outcome trial.
Read the original sourcePuskas et al. · intact-rat overload study
Controlled animal muscle and bone study
Puskas J, Guda T, Niccoli S, Rathbone CR, Tan-Johnson B, Puskas D, Middleton R, Otis JS, Lees SJ. Physiological Reports. 2025;13(14):e70463. DOI 10.14814/phy2.70463.
Forty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups of ten for 14 days of RAD140 or vehicle with or without unilateral functional overload. RAD140 increased soleus mass and plantaris fiber area, but did not add to overload-induced plantaris growth and did not change measured tibial bone outcomes.
- Participants / model
- 40 young intact male Sprague-Dawley rats; four groups of ten
- Treatment
- RAD140 in drinking water or vehicle, with or without unilateral functional overload
- Follow-up
- 14 days
- Study design
- Controlled two-factor animal study with the contralateral limb as an internal overload control
- Funding
- Canadian academic grants; authors declared no commercial or financial conflict
Exposure was estimated from cage water intake in pair-housed growing rats. No liver or cardiac tissue was collected, and the study measured no functional strength outcome.
Read the original sourceBudaya et al. · quantitative rat prostate study
Controlled animal prostate study
Budaya TN, Nurhadi P, Anita KW, Nugroho P, Dhani FK. Medical Journal of Indonesia. 2024;33:75-79. DOI 10.13181/mji.oa.247289.
Male Wistar rats were assigned to six groups of six and received sham surgery or orchidectomy with or without RAD140 for six weeks. The authors found no significant between-group difference in testosterone, prostate mass, or fibromuscular-stroma-to-epithelium ratio attributable to RAD140.
- Participants / model
- 36 male Wistar rats; six groups of six
- Treatment
- Sham surgery or orchidectomy with RAD140 or control conditions
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Randomized post-test-only controlled animal study
- Funding
- Study compound supplied by Ellipses Pharma; authors reported no conflict
The small rat study quantified selected prostate endpoints but did not evaluate other organs, long-term carcinogenesis, or human risk.
Read the original sourceBudaya et al. · orchidectomized-rat histology
Controlled animal bone and muscle histology study
Budaya TN, Daryanto B, Seputra KP, Fabrianta DM, Ekaputra AA, Dewi RARK, Anita KW, Dhani FK, Rofifa AF. Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences. 2025;9(1):30-38. DOI 10.21705/mcbs.v9i1.536.
Orchidectomized Wistar rats received several oral RAD140 conditions for six weeks. Higher groups had more osteoblasts, fewer osteoclasts, larger gastrocnemius fibers, and more myonuclei in histologic analyses.
- Participants / model
- Male orchidectomized Wistar rats; seven groups, figures report n=4 per group
- Treatment
- RAD140 across several oral exposure groups after orchidectomy
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Randomized post-test-only controlled animal histology study
- Funding
- Authors reported no financial support and no conflict
The paper states a target sample of five per group, while figures report n=4 without explaining attrition. It measured histology, not strength, BMD, fracture, hormones, or systematic safety.
Read the original sourceMohamad · small retail-product rat histology study
Exploratory animal histology study
Mohamad BJ. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2026;67(9). DOI 10.24996/ijs.2026.67.9.10.
Eighteen young male rats were split into one three-animal control group and five three-animal exposure groups. Descriptive microscopy reported dose-related acinar, stromal, hyperplastic, and fibrotic changes after six weeks.
- Participants / model
- 18 six-week-old male albino rats; n=3 per control or exposure group
- Treatment
- A retail liquid represented as RAD140, given by mouth at five concentrations
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Small controlled descriptive histology study
The product identity was not analytically verified, exposure was fixed by volume rather than normalized to body weight, groups contained three animals, and the paper reports no blinded scoring or inferential statistics. Its qualitative signal conflicts with the quantitative 2024 rat study.
Read the original sourceHan et al. · 20-patient reformulated-vosilasarm study
Phase 1 dose-finding conference poster and abstract
Han HS, LoRusso P, Hamilton EP, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2025;43(16_suppl):1057. DOI 10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.1057.
Twenty patients received reformulated vosilasarm. Among 16 with measurable disease, 9 had stable disease, 6 progressed, and 1 was not evaluable; there was no objective response. The poster reports clinical benefit in 4/20 and CA15-3 decline of at least 20% in 5/17, while the abstract uses 4/19 and 5/19. ALT rose in 10/20, including grade 3+ in 4/20; AST rose in 8/20, including grade 3+ in 1/20. Three patients interrupted, two reduced, and one withdrew treatment.
- Participants / model
- 20 heavily pretreated women with AR+/ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer
- Treatment
- Reformulated oral vosilasarm/EP0062 in four dose-finding cohorts
- Follow-up
- Repeated 28-day cycles
- Study design
- Open uncontrolled phase 1 monotherapy dose finding
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma sponsored the trial; sponsor employees were authors and Ellipses funded editorial support
The ASCO poster and JCO supplement abstract use different denominators. This conference evidence has no randomized comparator or peer-reviewed full outcome paper.
Read the original sourceNCT05573126 · current vosilasarm trial
Clinical trial registry record
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05573126, record updated June 2026.
The June 2026 record lists the open nonrandomized sequential phase 1/2 study as recruiting, with estimated enrollment of 95 and estimated primary completion in February 2028. It posts no results.
- Participants / model
- Women with relapsed locally advanced or metastatic AR+/HER2-/ER+ breast cancer
- Treatment
- EP0062 monotherapy and combination modules
- Follow-up
- Ongoing; estimated primary completion February 2028
- Study design
- Open-label nonrandomized sequential phase 1/2 registry record
- Funding
- Ellipses Pharma
The 2026 JCO trial-in-progress abstract describes planned combination modules and supplies no efficacy or safety outcome.
Read the original sourceBrown et al. · female-mouse mortality and adaptation
Controlled animal study
Brown AM, Ganjayi MS, Baumann CW. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2023;50:973-983. DOI 10.1111/1440-1681.13824.
Only 3/12 RAD-treated mice reached week 10 versus 10/11 controls; median treated survival was 8.5 weeks. Frailty and liver/kidney protein oxidation rose, torque did not improve, and adaptation in young mice was blunted.
- Participants / model
- 23 young or adult female mice
- Treatment
- RAD-140 in drinking water versus control, with exercised and nonexercised conditions
- Follow-up
- 10 weeks
- Study design
- Controlled animal exercise and toxicity study
Severe differential mortality destabilizes later measurements; animal mortality and exposure do not estimate human incidence.
Read the original sourceHeinze et al. · older-mouse frailty study
Controlled animal aging study
Heinze SS, et al. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2025;225:112054. PMID 40158703. DOI 10.1016/j.mad.2025.112054.
Six weeks did not improve clinical, laboratory, combined, FRIGHT, or AFRAID frailty measures. Males showed preserved lean mass, BMD, and lower IL-6; females did not. Grip strength, fat mass, and muscle-gene outcomes were null.
- Participants / model
- Older C57BL/6 mice, 21 male and 15 female overall
- Treatment
- RAD-140 versus control
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Sex-stratified controlled animal aging study
Small animal groups and sex-specific signals do not establish a human anti-frailty or muscle benefit.
Read the original sourceHeinze et al. · older-mouse cardiac analysis
Controlled animal cardiac study
Heinze SS, Sapp DG, Young AP, Howlett SE. GeroScience. 2026. PMID 41703239. DOI 10.1007/s11357-026-02151-9.
Pooled ejection fraction rose 10.4%, stroke volume 9.6 µL, and cardiac output 4.5 mL/min without structural change; male functional signals were larger than female signals.
- Participants / model
- 23-month-old male and female mice
- Treatment
- RAD-140 versus control
- Follow-up
- 6 weeks
- Study design
- Controlled older-mouse cardiac-function study
Laboratory, age, exposure, and duration match the 2025 frailty work, so this may be an overlapping cohort rather than an independent replication.
Read the original sourceNiazi et al. · biopsy-supported cholestatic injury
Peer-reviewed case report
Niazi B, Quach B, Fisher K, Peeraphatdit T. ACG Case Reports Journal. 2025;12(8):e01803. PMID 40761329. DOI 10.14309/crj.0000000000001803.
A 42-year-old reporting eight weeks of RAD-140 alone developed total/direct bilirubin of 20.2/12.6 mg/dL and biopsy-supported bland cholestasis. Bilirubin normalized about two months after corticosteroid treatment.
- Participants / model
- One 42-year-old man
- Treatment
- Self-reported RAD-140 product, followed by clinical treatment
- Follow-up
- Eight-week exposure and follow-up through recovery
- Study design
- Case report
The product was not analytically authenticated, and the uncontrolled course cannot show that corticosteroids accelerated recovery.
Read the original sourceDao et al. · critical mixed-SARM liver injury
Peer-reviewed case report
Dao D, King B, Dao H, Bahirwani R. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center). 2026. PMID 42417499. DOI 10.1080/08998280.2026.2691619.
A severe cholestatic injury required plasmapheresis and was complicated by pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, and intensive care.
- Participants / model
- One previously healthy young man
- Treatment
- Reported supplement containing RAD-140 and andarine/S4
- Follow-up
- Case course
- Study design
- Case report
The mixed RAD-140 and andarine exposure prevents RAD-140-only attribution.
Read the original sourceSchwartzman et al. · adolescent myopericarditis case
Peer-reviewed case report
Schwartzman KH, Kohli U, Chaudhuri NR, Hoda M. JACC Case Reports. 2024;29(15):102423. PMID 39157568. DOI 10.1016/j.jaccas.2024.102423.
A 16-year-old developed chest pain within hours of a first reported RAD-140 dose. Troponin rose from 4,690 to 6,066 ng/L and cardiac MRI supported myopericarditis; symptoms and imaging later improved.
- Participants / model
- One 16-year-old boy
- Treatment
- First reported dose of a market product represented as RAD-140
- Follow-up
- Eight months of clinical follow-up
- Study design
- Case report
There was no rechallenge or product authentication, and alternative causes remain possible; the authors reported no relevant relationships.
Read the original sourceJendrzejewska et al. · online SARM product screening
Analytical product study
Jendrzejewska I, Cehlarik L, Goryczka T, Pietrasik E, Pawlik N, Jampilek J. ADMET & DMPK. 2025;13(3):2685. PMID 40585415. DOI 10.5599/admet.2685.
Sixteen anonymously bought unregistered SARM-labeled products included four declaring Testolone/RAD-140. Solid-state screening could not reliably identify Testolone in all four.
- Participants / model
- 16 SARM-labeled products bought from the Slovak online market; four declared Testolone
- Treatment
- X-ray, Raman, thermal, and related solid-state screening
- Follow-up
- Cross-sectional testing
- Study design
- Analytical product-identity study
The analytical method can miss low concentrations and coexisting phases, so it does not prove that every labeled product contained zero RAD-140. Authors declared no conflicts.
Read the original sourceWhy is RAD-140 in F tier?
F for healthy-performance benefit-risk. RAD-140 has human pharmacology and two early oncology programs, but the cited controlled human studies did not measure muscle gain, strength, athletic performance, healthy-male hormones, semen, or fertility. Both oncology programs produced frequent liver-test abnormalities, severe cholestatic injury has been reported after unverified market products, and retail identity is unreliable.