SR-9011
SR-9011 changes clock signaling, wakefulness and metabolism in experimental systems. Small mouse studies found higher oxygen consumption and lower fat mass, but many larger claims come from SR9009 or combination experiments. The cited records contain no human administration or pharmacokinetic study.
experimental REV-ERB agonist chemical probe
- Also written SR9011 or SR 9011
- Distinct from SR9009 despite shared REV-ERB research origin
- No human trial or pharmacokinetic study in the cited records
- WADA explicitly prohibits SR9011 in 2026
Is SR-9011 the same compound as SR9009?
No. SR-9011 and SR9009 are related synthetic REV-ERB probes from the same research program but have different chemical structures and PubChem records. A result that used only SR9009 cannot be relabeled as SR-9011 evidence.
PubChem · SR9011 identity
Official chemical identity record
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem CID 57394021.
The record identifies SR9011 with formula C23H31ClN4O3S, molecular weight 479.0 g/mol, CAS 1379686-29-9, and UNII VYI79FLZ6W.
- Study design
- Chemical database record
Identity registration is not approval or product authentication.
Read the original sourceSolt et al. · SR9011 discovery evidence
Primary preclinical study
Solt LA, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ, Lundasen T, Shin Y, Liu J, Cameron MD, Noel R, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS, Butler AA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists. Nature. 2012. DOI 10.1038/nature11030.
Figures 1 to 4 include direct SR9011 reporter, clock, gene and mouse experiments. Figure 3 uses 10 to 12-day injected SR9011 in small mouse groups (6 to 10) and reports higher oxygen consumption and lower fat mass despite lower activity; food-intake rate and respiratory exchange ratio were unchanged. Figure 5’s 30-day diet-induced-obesity glucose/lipid/body-composition program uses SR9009, while panel 5f reports SR9011 lipids in lean mice. The obese-mouse numbers cannot all be assigned to SR9011.
- Participants / model
- HEK293 cells, mouse suprachiasmatic-nucleus explants, fibroblasts, and male C57BL/6 mice
- Treatment
- SR9011 and SR9009 in compound-specific cell, tissue, and injected mouse experiments
- Follow-up
- Acute and short repeated preclinical experiments
- Study design
- Discovery pharmacology across assays and mouse models
- Funding
- Academic and grant-supported program
How does it affect REV-ERB and immune cells?
SR-9011 increases REV-ERB repression in reporter systems and changes clock-gene expression. Its cellular effects extend beyond inflammatory markers.
In newborn-rat microglia, challenge-induced inflammatory signals fell and IL-10 increased. Phagocytosis, mitochondrial respiration and ATP-linked metabolism also fell, without a 24-hour viability loss. These mixed changes do not demonstrate net neuroprotection.
Direct weak LXR-alpha activity complicates selectivity. An often-cited REV-ERB double-knockout experiment tested SR9009; it raises a related-chemistry question but is not an exact SR-9011 knockout result.
Solt et al. · SR9011 discovery evidence
Primary preclinical study
Solt LA, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ, Lundasen T, Shin Y, Liu J, Cameron MD, Noel R, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS, Butler AA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists. Nature. 2012. DOI 10.1038/nature11030.
Figures 1 to 4 include direct SR9011 reporter, clock, gene and mouse experiments. Figure 3 uses 10 to 12-day injected SR9011 in small mouse groups (6 to 10) and reports higher oxygen consumption and lower fat mass despite lower activity; food-intake rate and respiratory exchange ratio were unchanged. Figure 5’s 30-day diet-induced-obesity glucose/lipid/body-composition program uses SR9009, while panel 5f reports SR9011 lipids in lean mice. The obese-mouse numbers cannot all be assigned to SR9011.
- Participants / model
- HEK293 cells, mouse suprachiasmatic-nucleus explants, fibroblasts, and male C57BL/6 mice
- Treatment
- SR9011 and SR9009 in compound-specific cell, tissue, and injected mouse experiments
- Follow-up
- Acute and short repeated preclinical experiments
- Study design
- Discovery pharmacology across assays and mouse models
- Funding
- Academic and grant-supported program
China-affiliated primary-microglia study
Primary preclinical study
Wolff SEC, Wang XL, Jiao H, Sun J, Kalsbeek A, Yi CX, Gao Y. The Effect of Rev-erbα Agonist SR9011 on the Immune Response and Cell Metabolism of Microglia. Frontiers in immunology. 2020. DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.550145.
Newborn rat microglia exposed to SR9011 showed disrupted clock expression, reduced challenge-induced inflammatory signals and increased IL-10. Bead phagocytosis, mitochondrial respiration and ATP-linked metabolism also fell without a 24-hour viability loss. These mixed effects cannot be summarized as a pure neuroprotective gain.
- Participants / model
- Primary microglia isolated from 1- to 3-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rat pups
- Treatment
- Five micromolar SR9011 after dexamethasone synchronization, with immune and metabolic challenges
- Follow-up
- Cell experiments through 24 hours with time-course sampling
- Study design
- Controlled primary-cell circadian, immune, phagocytosis, and respirometry study
- Funding
- Chinese and Dutch academic funding listed in the paper; authors declared no commercial or financial conflict
Trump et al. · LXR cross-activity
Preclinical medicinal-chemistry and cell receptor-assay study
Trump RP, Bresciani S, Cooper AW, Tellam JP, Wojno J, Blaikley J, Orband-Miller LA, Kashatus JA, Boudjelal M, Dawson HC, Loudon A, Ray D, Grant D, Farrow SN, Willson TM, Tomkinson NC. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;56:4729-4737. DOI 10.1021/jm400458q.
In biochemical and cell assays, SR9011 showed weak LXR-alpha ligand displacement and increased ABCA1 expression, creating a compound-specific selectivity caveat despite the original reporter-panel result.
- Participants / model
- Biochemical receptor and THP-1 cell systems
- Treatment
- REV-ERB probe series including SR9011
- Study design
- Probe optimization and receptor profiling
SR9011-specific LXR binding and ABCA1 evidence were separated from SR9009-specific findings. Cell or binding cross-activity does not define a human interaction magnitude or exposure threshold.
Read the original sourceWhat did SR-9011 actually do in the metabolic studies?
The original paper did measure higher oxygen consumption and lower fat mass after SR-9011 in mice. Its longer obese-mouse glucose, lipid and body-composition experiment used SR9009.
Figure 3 tested injected SR-9011 for 10 to 12 days in groups of roughly six to ten mice. Oxygen consumption increased and fat mass fell despite lower activity; food-intake rate and respiratory exchange ratio were unchanged.
Figure 5 used SR9009 for the 30-day diet-induced-obesity experiment, while panel 5f separately reported SR-9011 lipids in lean mice. The separate endurance paper also used SR9009. None establishes oral-human exposure or performance.
Solt et al. · SR9011 discovery evidence
Primary preclinical study
Solt LA, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ, Lundasen T, Shin Y, Liu J, Cameron MD, Noel R, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS, Butler AA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists. Nature. 2012. DOI 10.1038/nature11030.
Figures 1 to 4 include direct SR9011 reporter, clock, gene and mouse experiments. Figure 3 uses 10 to 12-day injected SR9011 in small mouse groups (6 to 10) and reports higher oxygen consumption and lower fat mass despite lower activity; food-intake rate and respiratory exchange ratio were unchanged. Figure 5’s 30-day diet-induced-obesity glucose/lipid/body-composition program uses SR9009, while panel 5f reports SR9011 lipids in lean mice. The obese-mouse numbers cannot all be assigned to SR9011.
- Participants / model
- HEK293 cells, mouse suprachiasmatic-nucleus explants, fibroblasts, and male C57BL/6 mice
- Treatment
- SR9011 and SR9009 in compound-specific cell, tissue, and injected mouse experiments
- Follow-up
- Acute and short repeated preclinical experiments
- Study design
- Discovery pharmacology across assays and mouse models
- Funding
- Academic and grant-supported program
Is every SR-9011 effect proven to be REV-ERB-mediated?
No. The original broad nuclear-receptor reporter panel looked selective, but a later biochemical study found that SR-9011 could displace an LXR-alpha ligand and increase the LXR target ABCA1 in cells. Assay disagreement means 'specific REV-ERB agonist' is too absolute.
The primary-microglia study used SR9011 as a REV-ERB agonist but did not include independent target perturbation, so its cellular changes are not proof that each effect required REV-ERB. The compound-specific LXR assay remains a separate selectivity caution.
Solt et al. · SR9011 discovery evidence
Primary preclinical study
Solt LA, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ, Lundasen T, Shin Y, Liu J, Cameron MD, Noel R, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS, Butler AA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists. Nature. 2012. DOI 10.1038/nature11030.
Figures 1 to 4 include direct SR9011 reporter, clock, gene and mouse experiments. Figure 3 uses 10 to 12-day injected SR9011 in small mouse groups (6 to 10) and reports higher oxygen consumption and lower fat mass despite lower activity; food-intake rate and respiratory exchange ratio were unchanged. Figure 5’s 30-day diet-induced-obesity glucose/lipid/body-composition program uses SR9009, while panel 5f reports SR9011 lipids in lean mice. The obese-mouse numbers cannot all be assigned to SR9011.
- Participants / model
- HEK293 cells, mouse suprachiasmatic-nucleus explants, fibroblasts, and male C57BL/6 mice
- Treatment
- SR9011 and SR9009 in compound-specific cell, tissue, and injected mouse experiments
- Follow-up
- Acute and short repeated preclinical experiments
- Study design
- Discovery pharmacology across assays and mouse models
- Funding
- Academic and grant-supported program
Trump et al. · LXR cross-activity
Preclinical medicinal-chemistry and cell receptor-assay study
Trump RP, Bresciani S, Cooper AW, Tellam JP, Wojno J, Blaikley J, Orband-Miller LA, Kashatus JA, Boudjelal M, Dawson HC, Loudon A, Ray D, Grant D, Farrow SN, Willson TM, Tomkinson NC. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;56:4729-4737. DOI 10.1021/jm400458q.
In biochemical and cell assays, SR9011 showed weak LXR-alpha ligand displacement and increased ABCA1 expression, creating a compound-specific selectivity caveat despite the original reporter-panel result.
- Participants / model
- Biochemical receptor and THP-1 cell systems
- Treatment
- REV-ERB probe series including SR9011
- Study design
- Probe optimization and receptor profiling
SR9011-specific LXR binding and ABCA1 evidence were separated from SR9009-specific findings. Cell or binding cross-activity does not define a human interaction magnitude or exposure threshold.
Read the original sourceChina-affiliated primary-microglia study
Primary preclinical study
Wolff SEC, Wang XL, Jiao H, Sun J, Kalsbeek A, Yi CX, Gao Y. The Effect of Rev-erbα Agonist SR9011 on the Immune Response and Cell Metabolism of Microglia. Frontiers in immunology. 2020. DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.550145.
Newborn rat microglia exposed to SR9011 showed disrupted clock expression, reduced challenge-induced inflammatory signals and increased IL-10. Bead phagocytosis, mitochondrial respiration and ATP-linked metabolism also fell without a 24-hour viability loss. These mixed effects cannot be summarized as a pure neuroprotective gain.
- Participants / model
- Primary microglia isolated from 1- to 3-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rat pups
- Treatment
- Five micromolar SR9011 after dexamethasone synchronization, with immune and metabolic challenges
- Follow-up
- Cell experiments through 24 hours with time-course sampling
- Study design
- Controlled primary-cell circadian, immune, phagocytosis, and respirometry study
- Funding
- Chinese and Dutch academic funding listed in the paper; authors declared no commercial or financial conflict
Is there a human half-life, safe threshold, or interaction profile?
No. Human liver-microsome work identified candidate metabolites, and a retrospective anti-doping screen found no positive samples in the tested collection. Neither is human administration PK. No trial supplies a half-life, adverse-event denominator, contraindications, interactions, safe exposure, or monitoring guidance.
Microsomes are an in-vitro enzyme system. A doping sample with no detected SR-9011 does not show safety and does not prove nobody used the compound. Because the molecule changes clock and metabolic transcription in models, timing and drug-interaction claims require human data that the cited studies do not provide.
Human-liver-microsome metabolic study
Analytical identity or detection study
Geldof L, Deventer K, Roels K, Tudela E, Van Eeno P. In Vitro Metabolic Studies of REV-ERB Agonists SR9009 and SR9011. International journal of molecular sciences. 2016. DOI 10.3390/ijms17101676.
Fourteen candidate SR9011 metabolites were identified in vitro. Retrospective screening of 1,511 doping samples found neither SR9011 nor SR9009 positives in that collection. Human microsomes and urine do not establish human oral pharmacokinetics or absence of real-world use.
- Participants / model
- Pooled human liver microsomes and stored doping-control urine samples
- Treatment
- In-vitro SR9011 incubation and analytical sample screening
- Follow-up
- In-vitro incubations and retrospective sample set
- Study design
- Metabolite-identification and analytical screening study
- Funding
- Anti-doping research program
ClinicalTrials.gov · no SR-9011 study
Trial registrations
ClinicalTrials.gov.
ClinicalTrials.gov lists no exact-name SR-9011 study; the cited literature contains no human administration or pharmacokinetic paper.
Read the original sourceIs SR-9011 approved or permitted in tested sport?
No approved medicine or human clinical program appears in the cited records. WADA's 2026 S4.4.1 section explicitly names SR9011 among REV-ERB-alpha agonists prohibited at all times.
ClinicalTrials.gov · no SR-9011 study
Trial registrations
ClinicalTrials.gov.
ClinicalTrials.gov lists no exact-name SR-9011 study; the cited literature contains no human administration or pharmacokinetic paper.
Read the original sourceWADA 2026 · SR9011 named
Official anti-doping standard
World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List, effective 1 January 2026.
Section S4.4.1 explicitly names SR9011 among REV-ERB-alpha agonists prohibited at all times.
- Participants / model
- Athletes subject to the World Anti-Doping Code
- Follow-up
- Calendar year 2026
- Study design
- Anti-doping prohibited list
- Funding
- World Anti-Doping Agency
Sport prohibition is separate from medical approval.
Read the original sourceWhat compound-specific evidence comes from Chinese and Russian sources?
A Nanjing Medical University collaboration used SR9011 in primary rat microglia and measured circadian, immune, phagocytic, and respiratory endpoints in cultured cells. Public Russian sources added no separate administered-subject program, and neither regional record included human data.
Chinese and Russian evidence
Chinese and Russian evidence
Chinese and Russian literature and trial registries.
The cited Chinese and Russian records add preclinical or analytical reports but no controlled human outcome trial.
Read the original sourceChina-affiliated primary-microglia study
Primary preclinical study
Wolff SEC, Wang XL, Jiao H, Sun J, Kalsbeek A, Yi CX, Gao Y. The Effect of Rev-erbα Agonist SR9011 on the Immune Response and Cell Metabolism of Microglia. Frontiers in immunology. 2020. DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.550145.
Newborn rat microglia exposed to SR9011 showed disrupted clock expression, reduced challenge-induced inflammatory signals and increased IL-10. Bead phagocytosis, mitochondrial respiration and ATP-linked metabolism also fell without a 24-hour viability loss. These mixed effects cannot be summarized as a pure neuroprotective gain.
- Participants / model
- Primary microglia isolated from 1- to 3-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rat pups
- Treatment
- Five micromolar SR9011 after dexamethasone synchronization, with immune and metabolic challenges
- Follow-up
- Cell experiments through 24 hours with time-course sampling
- Study design
- Controlled primary-cell circadian, immune, phagocytosis, and respirometry study
- Funding
- Chinese and Dutch academic funding listed in the paper; authors declared no commercial or financial conflict
Does it improve sleep or act as a senolytic?
SR-9011 altered mouse wake, NREM and REM measures according to circadian timing. It also affected selected cancer and oncogene-induced-senescent cells. Better human sleep and clinical senolysis remain unestablished.
Wakefulness is not the same outcome as restorative sleep. The injected-mouse sleep experiments cannot establish an insomnia treatment or a human circadian-reset schedule.
SR-9011 appears in the cancer and senescent-cell experiments, while the frequently cited glioblastoma survival and xenograft treatment experiments used SR9009. A 2025 glioblastoma cell study found limited SR-9011 monotherapy activity in T98G cells and stronger combination effects with temozolomide. Patient-derived models are not treated patients.
Sleep architecture and emotional behavior in mice
Primary preclinical study
Banerjee S, Wang Y, Solt LA, Griffett K, Kazantzis M, Amador A, El-Gendy BM, Huitron-Resendiz S, Roberts AJ, Shin Y, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Pharmacological targeting of the mammalian clock regulates sleep architecture and emotional behaviour. Nature communications. 2014. DOI 10.1038/ncomms6759.
Injected SR9011 altered EEG-defined wake, NREM and REM measures depending on circadian timing and changed anxiety-like behavior. They do not demonstrate better human sleep, a clinically validated circadian-reset strategy or sustained cognitive performance.
- Participants / model
- Mice
- Treatment
- SR9011 versus vehicle at defined zeitgeber times
- Follow-up
- Acute and short preclinical experiments
- Study design
- Controlled animal EEG and behavior study
Sulli et al., cancer and oncogene-induced senescence
Primary preclinical study
Sulli G, Rommel A, Wang X, Kolar MJ, Puca F, Saghatelian A, Plikus MV, Verma IM, Panda S. Pharmacological activation of REV-ERBs is lethal in cancer and oncogene-induced senescence. Nature. 2018. DOI 10.1038/nature25170.
SR9011 and SR9009 reduced viability and induced apoptosis in selected cancer and oncogene-induced-senescent cell experiments. SR9011 appears directly in the OIS/cancer cell figures; the reported glioblastoma mouse survival/xenograft treatment experiments use SR9009. Cell exposure around 20 micromolar over days is not a demonstrated achievable safe human exposure. “Senolytic” should specify the model and must not imply healthy lifespan extension.
Read the original sourcePersonalized glioblastoma chronotherapy, 2025
Primary preclinical study
Personalized glioblastoma chronotherapy, 2025. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-025-01205-z
Cell-line experiments compared timed temozolomide, KL001, SR9011 and combinations. In T98G cells, SR9011 alone had limited efficacy; temozolomide combinations were more effective, with results varying by model/timing. Patient relevance and PK-PD modeling do not mean patients received SR9011. This is a preclinical combination/chronotherapy result.
Read the original sourceStudies and sources
PubChem · SR9011 identity
Official chemical identity record
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem CID 57394021.
The record identifies SR9011 with formula C23H31ClN4O3S, molecular weight 479.0 g/mol, CAS 1379686-29-9, and UNII VYI79FLZ6W.
- Study design
- Chemical database record
Identity registration is not approval or product authentication.
Read the original sourceSolt et al. · SR9011 discovery evidence
Primary preclinical study
Solt LA, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ, Lundasen T, Shin Y, Liu J, Cameron MD, Noel R, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS, Butler AA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists. Nature. 2012. DOI 10.1038/nature11030.
Figures 1 to 4 include direct SR9011 reporter, clock, gene and mouse experiments. Figure 3 uses 10 to 12-day injected SR9011 in small mouse groups (6 to 10) and reports higher oxygen consumption and lower fat mass despite lower activity; food-intake rate and respiratory exchange ratio were unchanged. Figure 5’s 30-day diet-induced-obesity glucose/lipid/body-composition program uses SR9009, while panel 5f reports SR9011 lipids in lean mice. The obese-mouse numbers cannot all be assigned to SR9011.
- Participants / model
- HEK293 cells, mouse suprachiasmatic-nucleus explants, fibroblasts, and male C57BL/6 mice
- Treatment
- SR9011 and SR9009 in compound-specific cell, tissue, and injected mouse experiments
- Follow-up
- Acute and short repeated preclinical experiments
- Study design
- Discovery pharmacology across assays and mouse models
- Funding
- Academic and grant-supported program
Sleep architecture and emotional behavior in mice
Primary preclinical study
Banerjee S, Wang Y, Solt LA, Griffett K, Kazantzis M, Amador A, El-Gendy BM, Huitron-Resendiz S, Roberts AJ, Shin Y, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Pharmacological targeting of the mammalian clock regulates sleep architecture and emotional behaviour. Nature communications. 2014. DOI 10.1038/ncomms6759.
Injected SR9011 altered EEG-defined wake, NREM and REM measures depending on circadian timing and changed anxiety-like behavior. They do not demonstrate better human sleep, a clinically validated circadian-reset strategy or sustained cognitive performance.
- Participants / model
- Mice
- Treatment
- SR9011 versus vehicle at defined zeitgeber times
- Follow-up
- Acute and short preclinical experiments
- Study design
- Controlled animal EEG and behavior study
Trump et al. · LXR cross-activity
Preclinical medicinal-chemistry and cell receptor-assay study
Trump RP, Bresciani S, Cooper AW, Tellam JP, Wojno J, Blaikley J, Orband-Miller LA, Kashatus JA, Boudjelal M, Dawson HC, Loudon A, Ray D, Grant D, Farrow SN, Willson TM, Tomkinson NC. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;56:4729-4737. DOI 10.1021/jm400458q.
In biochemical and cell assays, SR9011 showed weak LXR-alpha ligand displacement and increased ABCA1 expression, creating a compound-specific selectivity caveat despite the original reporter-panel result.
- Participants / model
- Biochemical receptor and THP-1 cell systems
- Treatment
- REV-ERB probe series including SR9011
- Study design
- Probe optimization and receptor profiling
SR9011-specific LXR binding and ABCA1 evidence were separated from SR9009-specific findings. Cell or binding cross-activity does not define a human interaction magnitude or exposure threshold.
Read the original sourceHuman-liver-microsome metabolic study
Analytical identity or detection study
Geldof L, Deventer K, Roels K, Tudela E, Van Eeno P. In Vitro Metabolic Studies of REV-ERB Agonists SR9009 and SR9011. International journal of molecular sciences. 2016. DOI 10.3390/ijms17101676.
Fourteen candidate SR9011 metabolites were identified in vitro. Retrospective screening of 1,511 doping samples found neither SR9011 nor SR9009 positives in that collection. Human microsomes and urine do not establish human oral pharmacokinetics or absence of real-world use.
- Participants / model
- Pooled human liver microsomes and stored doping-control urine samples
- Treatment
- In-vitro SR9011 incubation and analytical sample screening
- Follow-up
- In-vitro incubations and retrospective sample set
- Study design
- Metabolite-identification and analytical screening study
- Funding
- Anti-doping research program
ClinicalTrials.gov · no SR-9011 study
Trial registrations
ClinicalTrials.gov.
ClinicalTrials.gov lists no exact-name SR-9011 study; the cited literature contains no human administration or pharmacokinetic paper.
Read the original sourceHuman evidence · no administered-subject outcome
Registry and literature record
PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.
The cited PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov records contain no human administration, pharmacokinetic, safety, or efficacy study for SR-9011.
Read the original sourceWADA 2026 · SR9011 named
Official anti-doping standard
World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List, effective 1 January 2026.
Section S4.4.1 explicitly names SR9011 among REV-ERB-alpha agonists prohibited at all times.
- Participants / model
- Athletes subject to the World Anti-Doping Code
- Follow-up
- Calendar year 2026
- Study design
- Anti-doping prohibited list
- Funding
- World Anti-Doping Agency
Sport prohibition is separate from medical approval.
Read the original sourceChinese and Russian evidence
Chinese and Russian evidence
Chinese and Russian literature and trial registries.
The cited Chinese and Russian records add preclinical or analytical reports but no controlled human outcome trial.
Read the original sourceChina-affiliated primary-microglia study
Primary preclinical study
Wolff SEC, Wang XL, Jiao H, Sun J, Kalsbeek A, Yi CX, Gao Y. The Effect of Rev-erbα Agonist SR9011 on the Immune Response and Cell Metabolism of Microglia. Frontiers in immunology. 2020. DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.550145.
Newborn rat microglia exposed to SR9011 showed disrupted clock expression, reduced challenge-induced inflammatory signals and increased IL-10. Bead phagocytosis, mitochondrial respiration and ATP-linked metabolism also fell without a 24-hour viability loss. These mixed effects cannot be summarized as a pure neuroprotective gain.
- Participants / model
- Primary microglia isolated from 1- to 3-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rat pups
- Treatment
- Five micromolar SR9011 after dexamethasone synchronization, with immune and metabolic challenges
- Follow-up
- Cell experiments through 24 hours with time-course sampling
- Study design
- Controlled primary-cell circadian, immune, phagocytosis, and respirometry study
- Funding
- Chinese and Dutch academic funding listed in the paper; authors declared no commercial or financial conflict
Sulli et al., cancer and oncogene-induced senescence
Primary preclinical study
Sulli G, Rommel A, Wang X, Kolar MJ, Puca F, Saghatelian A, Plikus MV, Verma IM, Panda S. Pharmacological activation of REV-ERBs is lethal in cancer and oncogene-induced senescence. Nature. 2018. DOI 10.1038/nature25170.
SR9011 and SR9009 reduced viability and induced apoptosis in selected cancer and oncogene-induced-senescent cell experiments. SR9011 appears directly in the OIS/cancer cell figures; the reported glioblastoma mouse survival/xenograft treatment experiments use SR9009. Cell exposure around 20 micromolar over days is not a demonstrated achievable safe human exposure. “Senolytic” should specify the model and must not imply healthy lifespan extension.
Read the original sourcePersonalized glioblastoma chronotherapy, 2025
Primary preclinical study
Personalized glioblastoma chronotherapy, 2025. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-025-01205-z
Cell-line experiments compared timed temozolomide, KL001, SR9011 and combinations. In T98G cells, SR9011 alone had limited efficacy; temozolomide combinations were more effective, with results varying by model/timing. Patient relevance and PK-PD modeling do not mean patients received SR9011. This is a preclinical combination/chronotherapy result.
Read the original sourceWhy is SR-9011 in D tier?
D reflects short mouse studies of metabolic and sleep effects with no human efficacy or pharmacokinetic study. SR9009-only endurance, obesity and tumor-survival results do not belong to SR-9011.